Long Quiz Flashcards
is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere that creates seismic waves. (cannot be prevented nor accurately predicted)
Earthquake
What are the 3 CAUSES of (NATURAL) EARTHQUAKE
Volcanic origin, Tectonic origin, Collapse of underground spaces
The most harms and losses on human assets are caused by what type of earthquake
Tectonic earthquake
The main cause of earthquake is volcanic eruptions. These earthquakes occurs in areas with frequent volcanic activities.
Volcanic origin
Earthquake produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries.
TECTONIC ORIGIN
are pieces of earth’s lithosphere
Tectonic Plates
3 types of tectonic plates
Major Plates, Minor Plates, Microplates
comprise the bulk of the continents
and the Pacific Ocean
Major Plates
These smaller plates are often not shown on major plate maps, as the majority do not comprise significant land area.
Minor Plates
These plates are often grouped with an adjacent major plate on a major plate map.
Microplates
What are examples of major plates?
African Plate
Antarctic Plate
Eurasian Plate
Indo-Australian Plate
Pacific Plate
North American Plate
South American Plate
What are examples of minor plates?
Somali Plate
Nazca Plate
Indian Plate
Amurian Plate
Sunda Plate
Philippine Sea Plate
Okhotsk Plate
Arabian Plate
Yangtze Plate
Carribean Plate
Cocos Plate
Caroline Plate
Scotia Plate
Burma Plate
New Hebrides Plate
What are examples of microplates?
Adriatic
Aegean Sea
Anatolian
Balmoral Reef
Banda Sea
Bird’s Head
Burma
Capricorn
Coiba
Conway Reef
Easter
Explorer
Futuna
Galapagos
Gonâve
Gorda
Greenland
Halmahera
Iberian
Iranian
Juan de Fuca
Juan
Fernández
Kerguelen
Kermadec
Madagascar
Malpelo
Manus
Maoke
Mariana
Molucca Sea
New Hebrides
Niuafo’ou
North Andes
North Bismarck
North Galapagos
Nubian
Okinawa
Panama
Pelso
Philippine Mobile Belt
Rivera
Sangihe
Seychelles
Shetland
Solomon Sea
South Bismarck
South Sandwich
Timor
Tisza
Tonga
Woodlark
The movement of tectonic plates is most evident at the boundaries between the plates. There are three main types of boundaries:
Convergent Boundary, Divergent Boundary, Transform Boundary
is where two tectonic plates push
together. Although the movement is slow,
these type of boundary can be areas of geological activity such as the forming of mountains and volcanoes. They can
also be areas of high earthquake activity.
Convergent Boundary
A _______ boundary is one where two plates are getting pushed apart. New land is formed by magma pushing up from the mantle and cooling as it reaches the surface.
Divergent Boundary
A_________ boundary is one where two plates slide past each other. These places are often called faults and can be
Transform Boundary
In convergent boundary, sometimes one plate will move under the other. This is called _________
Subduction
The area on land where divergent boundary occurs is called a ________
Rift
Places where transform boundary occurs and can be areas where earthquakes often occur.
Faults
Quote to remember
Plate boundaries are always faults; but not all faults are plate boundaries
What are the 4 types of faults?
NORMAL FAULT
REVERSE FAULT
STRIKE SLIP FAULT
OBLIQUE FAULT
the hanging wall moves downward, relative to the footwall.
Normal Fault
is the opposite of a normal fault wherein the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.
Reverse Fault
When rocks on either side of a nearly vertical fault plane move horizontally
Strike-slip Fault
is special type fault that forms when movement is not exactly parallel with the fault plane.
Oblique Fault
The application of civil engineering to reduce life and economic losses due to earthquakes, (i.e to mitigate seismic risk)
Earthquake Engineering
is a major inter-related system of geological faults throughout the whole of the Philippine Archipelago, primarily caused by tectonic forces compressing the Philippines into what
geophysicists call the Philippine Mobile Belt.
Philippine Fault System
is composed of a large number of accretionary blocks and terranes.
PHILIPPINE MOBILE BELT
Some notable Philippine faults include
the Guinayangan , Masbate and Leyte Faults
MOST ACTIVE FAULTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Marikina Valley Fault System
Western Philippine Fault
Eastern Philippine Fault
Southern of Mindanao Fault
Central Philippine Fault
2 major segments of the Marikina Valley Fault System
West Valley Fault and East Valley Fault
also known as the Valley Fault System ( is a dominantly right lateral strike slip fault system in Luzon, Philippines It extends from Doña Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan in the north and runs through the provinces of Rizal, and the Metro Manila cities of Quezon, Marikina, Pasig, Makati, Taguig and Muntinlupa, and the provinces of Cavite and Laguna that ends in Canlubang
Marikina Valley Fault System
is used to describe an area where earthquakes tend to focus.
SEISMIC ZONES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Types of SEISMIC ZONES
Zone II (least seismic region)
Zone IV (Most seismic region)
Where should we avoid constructing our buildings?
Phivolcs recommends avoiding construction within 5 meters on each side of a fault trace, or a total width of 10 meters. This is called the ideal “10 meter wide no build zone “ in the vicinity of a fault.
Ideally, we should not build in the 10 meter wide no build zone to avoid the hazard of ground fissure.