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Diseases and Diagnosis > Population Medicine Block 1 > Flashcards

Population Medicine Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the AVMA ACAW define animal welfare?

A

State of the animal

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2
Q

What 3 things does animal welfare include according to AVMA ACAW?

A

Animal’s health
behavior
biological function

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3
Q

What is the minimum standard of care, used by animal advocacy groups and retailers?

A

Five freedoms

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4
Q

What is the international standard for animal welfare, used globally by professional organizations?

A

OIE

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5
Q

What is the scientific framework for studying and measuring animal welfare, used by scientists and veterinarians?

A

Three circles

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6
Q

What is a blend of the previous 3 frameworks?

A

5 domains

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7
Q

What is the ONLY direct measurement of an animal’s welfare?

A

Animal-based measurements

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8
Q

What is the indirect measurement of animals’ welfare?

A

Resource-based measurements

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9
Q

What type of measurements can provide information about the risk factors for animal-based measurements?

A

Resource-based measures

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10
Q

Does population welfare use individuals for measurement?

A

Yes

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11
Q

How can you assess population welfare?

A

One Health and Ecosystem health

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12
Q

What is One Health a balance between?

A

Human health
Animal health
Environmental health

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13
Q

What is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus?

A

A stressor

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14
Q

What is another term for a stressor?

A

Ecological disturbance

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15
Q

What is One Welfare?

A

One Health + Cultural beliefs + socio-economic status + public perception

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16
Q

What is how many times more likely it is that an outcome will occur in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group

A

Relative Risk

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17
Q

What do you need to calculate Relative risk?

A

Incidence and prevalence

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18
Q

What type of studies do you need for relative risk to be calculated?

A

Cohort studies
Clinical trials

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19
Q

What are all existing cases in the population at risk?

A

Prevalence (all cases)

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20
Q

What is the rate of new cases in the population at risk over a specific period of time?

A

Incidence (new cases)

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21
Q

What does it mean if there is an RR of 2.04

A

There is 2.04 greater risk of disease in those reported to have been impacted than those who were not

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22
Q

Does RR have units?

A

No

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23
Q

What are the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure?

A

Odds ratio

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24
Q

What is needed for OR to be calculated?

A

Not incidence or population data

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25
Q

What studies is OR calculated with?

A

Case control
Logistic regression
Cohort

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26
Q

How are RR and OR different?

A

When incidence/prevalence are greater than 10% then OR will be much higher than RR

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27
Q

What is maintaining the Earth’s environmental quality, functionality, and services to meet the human needs of today without compromising the needs of future generations?

A

Sustainability

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28
Q

What are the 3 legs to the stool + the seat?

A

Environmental
Social
Economical
Seat: Sustainability

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29
Q

What is addressing the root cause of issues?

A

Mitigation

30
Q

What is lowering the health consequences of climate/environmental changes?

A

Adaptation

31
Q

Do pet owners think climate change is important to their pet’s health?

A

yes

32
Q

What percentage of medical waste comes from the operating room?

A

1/3

33
Q

Where does waste go in the US

A

Landfill
Incineration
Recycling
Composting

34
Q

What percentage of expected recyclables were misplaced contaminants?

A

1/3

35
Q

What are the 5Rs?

A

Rethink
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Research

36
Q

Whose mission statement is “responsibility to protect ecosystem health and demand action to minimize climate change”?

A

World veterinary association

37
Q

What are the types of disaster responses?

A

Natural
Man Made

38
Q

What are the types of man made responses?

A

Accidental
Intentional

39
Q

What is FEMA

A

Federal emergency management agency

40
Q

What were the regulations put in place after Katrina?

A

Expanded FEMA for all hazards
Revised National Response Framework which used incident command system
Required state and local government to develop, implement, and exercise emergency response plans

41
Q

What does ICS stand for?

A

Incident command system

42
Q

What are ICS five major management functions?

A

Incidence commander
Operations
Planning
Logistics
Finance

43
Q

What is diogenes syndrome

A

Compulsive hoarding of garbage

44
Q

What is animal hoarding?

A

Acquire more than the typical number of animals

45
Q

What should you avoid feeding in a refeeding program?

A

High carb (increases insulin)

46
Q

What is another thing you should avoid feeding in refeeding program?

A

Only meat (low in phosphorus)

47
Q

What is NAI?

A

Non-accidental injuries

48
Q

What will a high velocity bruise show?

A

Blood pushed around perimeter of site of impaction

49
Q

What is the tearing of tissue?

A

Laceration

50
Q

What causes a laceration?

A

Impact

51
Q

What is the rapid and efficient destruction of a complete population of animals in response to urgent circumstances with as much consideration given to the welfare of animals as practical?

A

Depopulation

52
Q

Who has statutory authority over depopulation?

A

SAHO

53
Q

Is ventilation shutdown a permitted method?

A

Under constrained circumstances

54
Q

What is blood splash?

A

Blood forming in major muscles as a result of electrical stunning

55
Q

What is the most expensive part of research trials?

A

Clinical trial

56
Q

What are the 3 phases of clinical trials?

A

Phase 1: Healthy volunteers - safety
Phase 2: Volunteers with condition - safety and efficacy
Phase 3: Randomized control study - efficacy

57
Q

What are the 3Rs?

A

Reduce # of animals used
Refine methods
Replace animal models with other systems

58
Q

What is serial testing?

A

Retesting positives

59
Q

What is parallel testing?

A

Retesting negatives

60
Q

Is an animal considered an animal if it is dead?

A

Yes

61
Q

What 3 animals aren’t considered animals in research?

A

Birds, rats, mice

62
Q

What is the definition of an animal for public health services?

A

Any vertebrate
Vertebrates are covered at OSU

63
Q

What does IACUC stand for?

A

Institutional animal care use committee

64
Q

What are the members of IACUC?

A

DVM
Member of the community
Scientist

65
Q

In parallel, patient is considered negative only if _____ tests are negative

A

both

66
Q

In serial, patient is considered positive only if ______ testers are positive

A

both

67
Q

Which type of testing will increase sensitivity?

A

Parallel testing

68
Q

Which type of testing will increase specificity?

A

Serial testing

69
Q

Does parallel or series improve sensitivity?

A

Parallel

70
Q
A

Diseases and Diagnosis (23 decks)

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