Body Systems: Circulatory/Immune Systems (Cardiovascular Disorders And Treatments)

Question 1

Pulmonary and systemic pathways:

Answer 1

-Pulmonary circulation: vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs.
-Systemic circulation: vessels that carry blood from the body.

Question 2

Coronary pathway:

Answer 2

-The heart has a separate blood supply.
-Coronary arteries supply cardiac muscle with O2 and other nutrients.
-The heart is encircled in a network of blood vessels like a crown (“coronary” = corona = Latin for crown).

Question 3

Atherosclerosis:

Answer 3

-A condition where there is a build up of plaque (fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissue) inside of the artery walls.
-Narrowing = higher pressure, which leads to: Agina (chest pain), blood clots, shortness of breath, heart attack, heart failure.

Question 4

Atherosclerosis treatment:

Answer 4

-Aspirin— reduces formation of clots.
-Clot busting medication.
-Angioplasty (balloon inserted).
-Stent (permanent metal tube).
-Coronary bypass surgery (healthy artery creates a new pathway).

Question 5

Atherosclerosis full:

Answer 5

-A condition where there is a build up of plaque (fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissue) inside of the artery walls.
-Narrowing = higher pressure, which leads to: Agina (chest pain), blood clots, shortness of breath, heart attack, heart failure.
-Treatment:
-Aspirin— reduces formation of clots.
-Clot busting medication.
-Angioplasty (balloon inserted).
-Stent (permanent metal tube).
-Coronary bypass surgery (healthy artery creates a new pathway).

Question 6

Heart murmur:

Answer 6

-Congenital (born with).
-Misflow of blood in the heart.
-Valves not opening or closing properly.
-Valve defects can be heard with a stethoscope.
-Problems in the walls of the chambers.

Question 7

Risk factors of heart disease:

Answer 7

-Lack of exercise/cardiovascular activity.
-Diets high in saturated fats.
-Smoking.
-Genetics.
-Obesity.
-High blood pressure.

Question 8

Hypertension:

Answer 8

-High blood pressure: causes blood vessels to weaken or even rupture.
-Results in build-up of connective tissue as body tries to repair, making arteries hard and less elastic.

Question 9

Hypotension:

Answer 9

-Low blood pressure: reduces bodies ability to transport blood.
-Problem for your brain because blood pressure has to work against the force of gravity to get up there = dizzy spells.

Question 10

Sinus rhythm:

Answer 10

-Normal.
-60 to 120 b/min.

Question 11

Arrhythmias:

Answer 11

-Abnormal rhythm.

Question 12

Bradycardia:

Answer 12

-Slow heart rate.
-Normal Rhythm.

Question 13

Tachycardia:

Answer 13

-Sinus tachycardia:
•Normal rhythm, fast rate.
-Ventricular tachycardia:
•Abnormal rhythm.
•Leads to ventricular fibrillation.

Question 14

Atrial flutter:

Answer 14

-Unusually fast atrial rate.
-Early— extra p waves.
-Later—saw tooth.
-Causes— caffeine, alcohol, stress, Amphetamines.
-Discomfort, palpitations.

Question 15

Atrial fibrillation:

Answer 15

-No organized electrical pattern in the atria.
-No p waves.
-Palpitations, discomfort.
-Electric conversion.
-Ablation (burn/freeze some parts).
•Risk of clotting.

Question 16

Ventricular fibrillation:

Answer 16

-No organized rhythm.
-No organized contraction.
-“Wormy”, “Rippling”.
-Requires defibrillation.

Question 17

Aneurysm:

Answer 17

-Weakening in wall.
-Leads to bulge or rupture (in blood vessel).
-Usually asymptomatic.
-Aorta is the most common location.
-Treatment: repair by resection and grafting.

Question 18

Tetralogy of fallot:

Answer 18

-Congenital (born with).
-Ventricular septal hole.
-Pulmonary artery stenosis.
-Aorta receives mixed blood.
-RV more developed.
-Surgery.

Question 19

Heart failure:

Answer 19

-Compromised heart.
-Valve stenosis (narrowing).
-Hypertension.
-Lower stroke volume so higher heart rate.
-Eventually muscle is so fatigued it barley contracts.