Photosynthesis: (Chloroplasts And Chlorophyll)

Question 1

Membrane transport mechanism: diffusion:

Answer 1

Follows concentration gradient; no energy from the cell is required.

Question 2

Membrane transport mechanism:
Osmosis:

Answer 2

Follows concentration gradient; no energy from the cell is required.

Question 3

Membrane transport mechanism:
Facilitated diffusion:

Answer 3

Follows concentration gradient, assisted by channel proteins or carrier proteins; no energy from the cell is required.

Question 4

Concentration gradients:

Answer 4

High-low.

Question 5

Membrane transport mechanism:
Active transport:

Answer 5

Moves against concentration gradient, assisted by channel or carrier proteins and with the input of energy (usually from ATP molecules).

Question 6

Membrane transport mechanism:
Endocytosis (may be pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-assisted endocytosis):

Answer 6

Membrane engulfs a substance and draws it into the cell in membrane-bounded vesicle.

Question 7

Membrane transport mechanism:
Exocytosis:

Answer 7

Membrane-bounded vesicle fuses with cell membrane, releasing the cells contents outside of the cell.

Question 8

Photosynthesis:

Answer 8

-photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms trap the suns energy and transform it into energy-rich chemical compounds.

Question 9

Cellular respiration:

Answer 9

-cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down high-energy compounds and generate ATP.

Question 10

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP):

Answer 10

-the direct source of energy for nearly all types of energy-requiring activities of living organisms.

Question 11

Overall reactions (photosynthesis):

Answer 11

•photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide, water and light energy and produces glucose and oxygen.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light Energy —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
•an example of an anabolic pathway.
-synthesizes larger molecules.

Question 12

Overall reactions (cellular respiration):

Answer 12

•cellular respiration takes glucose and oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water and releases energy.
C6H12O6 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
•an example of a catabolic pathway.
-breaks down large molecules into smaller ones.
•these are the end results of large series of reactions they are not simply the perfect reverse of each other.
•the steps along each pathway are quite different.

Question 13

Oxidation and reduction (photosynthesis):

Answer 13

-Energy from sunlight is stored in the bonds of glucose.
-plants can convert the glucose into a structural molecule called cellulose.
-Plants may also convert glucose into energy storage molecules like starch.

Question 14

Chloroplasts:

Answer 14

-outer membranes.
-inner membrane.
-inner solution called the stroma.
-flattened sacs called thylakoids.
-stacks of thylakoids are called grana (granum for one).

Question 15

Chlorophyll:

Answer 15

-the molecules that trap solar energy.
-bound to the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts.
-chlorophyll gives plants their green colour.

Question 16

Metabolic pathway:

Answer 16

-overall reaction is actually a series of over 100 distinct enzyme mediated reactions!
-two major processes:
•light dependent reactions:
-solar energy is trapped and used to make high-energy compounds (NADPH).
•light independent reactions:
-the energy of ATP and the reducing power of NADPH are used to reduce carbon dioxide to make glucose,
-which can then be converted into starch for storage.

Question 17

Light dependent reactions:

Answer 17

•solar energy is trapped in pigments found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplast.
•the following pigments are found in leaves:
-chlorophyll a - main photosynthetic pigment.
-chlorophyll b.
•these absorb almost everything but green.
•green is reflected not absorbed (which is why leaves look green!)

Question 18

Pigments and light absorption:

Answer 18

•chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids are photosynthetic pigments that absorb light.
•also found:
-β carotene (a carotenoid), a class of other pigments in plants.
-they absorb blue/green light and are yellow, orange, red in colour.
-β carotene is converted into Vitamin A, which we make into Retinal, the visual pigment in our eyes.

Question 19

Fall leaves:

Answer 19

-the chlorophyll masks the other pigments in the spring/summer months.
-cooler temperatures in fall stop chlorophyll production revealing the other carotenoid pigments.

Question 20

Oxidation:

Answer 20

Removing/loosing an electron.

Question 21

Reduction:

Answer 21

Gaining an electron.

Question 22

Catabolic pathway:

Answer 22

Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones and usually release energy.

Question 23

Anabolic pathway:

Answer 23

Those that need energy to synthesize larger molecules.

Question 24

Xanthophyll(s):

Answer 24

-pigments that are one of the significant divisions of the carotenoid group.
-function: accessory light-harvesting pigments. They protect photosynthetic organisms from the potentially toxic effects of light.

Question 25

Accessory pigments:

Answer 25

Light absorbing compounds.