Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 2260 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is one way to frame learning and memory?

A

acquisition, storage, retrival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the diagram showing an info-processing view of memory?

A

incoming info goes into sensory memory which enters short term memory, it can stay there with rehearsal or be lost or sent to long term memroy, things in long term memory can be retrieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the modal model for working memory?

A

duration is temporary, the capacity is limited, easy to get info into this, easy to retrieve info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does working memroy handle?

A

manipulating info, doing math, making plans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the modal model for long term memroy?

A

duration is long, capacity is enormous, takes effort to get info into, can be hard to retrieve info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the primary effect?

A

better memroy for the first few items relative to middle items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

better memory for last few items, not dispalced by future items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does the capacity of working memory differ?

A

yes for every individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What effect does chunking have on working memory?

A

reduces the load but does not increase the capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can you explain the primacy effect?

A

memory rehearsal (early items get more rehearsal), attention gets divided across items os more items means more divisions,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can you explain the recency effect?

A

last items are still in WM, replaced the middle items so they are forgotton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the average WM capacity for digit span task?

A

7 +- 2 items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does operation span measure?

A

the capacity when the WM is “working”, there are various operation span measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does working memory capacity correlate strongly with?

A

standardized academic tests, reasoning tests, reading comprehension tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the four components of working memory?

A

central executive, episodic buffer, phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the visuospatial sketch pad do?

A

stores visual materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the episodic buffer do?

A

helps the central executive organize information into
chronological sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the phonological loop do?

A

temporarily store verbal info, inner speech is used to refresh/reactivate the info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

WHat does the central executive do?

A

controlled processing in working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is incidental learning?

A

learning with no intention to learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is intentional learning?

A

deliberate, with exception of memory test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does shallow processing mean?

A

physical features, so like what the word looks like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does deep processing mean?

A

semantic, if a word fits in a sentence, meaning focused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the types of explicit vs implicit memories?

A

episodic/semantic

procedural, priming, perceptual, classical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is explicit memeory revealed?

A

direct memory testing, recall/recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is implicit memory revealed?

A

indirect memory testing, detecting influence of the 1st encounter on 2nd

ex. lexical decision, word-completion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is repetition priming?

A

lexical decisions are faster if the word was recently seen even if we do’t remember

28
Q

What does illusion of truth mean?

A

claims that are familiar seem more plausible, happens despite warning in advance

29
Q

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

A

retrograde disrupts memory before injury and anterograde disrupts memory after

30
Q

What might patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome do when answering trivia?

A

get the answer right but make up the source of that info

31
Q

What memories are impaired with retrograde amnesia?

A

semantic and episodic

32
Q

What memories are impaired with anterograde amnesia?

A

can’t form new episodic memory but can make new implicit

33
Q

How does hippocampul damage effect fear?

A

fear with no explicit memory, normal on indirect tests, imapired on direct tests

34
Q

How does amygdala damage effect memory of fear?

A

memory with no fear, normal on direct tests, impaired on indirect tests

35
Q

What is learning for retrieval facilitated by?

A

organizing and understanding the meaning, for example if you know how you will be asked the question you can be better prepared to answe

36
Q

What are represented by nodes in a memory network and what are they connected by?

A

ideas via associative links

37
Q

What does spreading activation mean in terms of a memory network?

A

activation trvaels within a netwrok from node to node, travels to realted memory nodes

38
Q

WHat can explain why hints work?

A

memory network model

39
Q

What is semantic priming? Where is it shown?

A

activation of an idea spreads to related ideas

lexical-decision tasks

40
Q

What is context dependent learning dependent on? What does it mean?

A

the state the learner is in during aquisition

you will do better if you study in envrionemnt you are being tested in

41
Q

What is context reinstatement?

A

re-creating the context of the learning episode (thoughts/feelings)

42
Q

What is encoding specificity?

A

environment or context in which information is encoded will affect how well people remember that information during retrieval

43
Q

If someone was told they lifted the piano vs they tuned the piano what hint would help them more?

A

something heavy vs something musical

44
Q

More elaborate sentences lead to what?

A

richer retrieval paths, for example words in more complex sentences are remembered easier

45
Q

What are mnemonics?

A

memory aids that help with retrieval, through organization (associated things you have to rememebr with sentence/other things) (think of your cranial nerves one)

46
Q

What is peg word system?

A

linking words with numbers (create mental associationg between items to be remembered and items associated with numbers)

47
Q

What are some examples of memory errors?

A

low-confidence recall, drawing a blank, incorrect recall, false memories

48
Q

What is a possible explanation for memory errors?

A

the connections that serve as retrieval paths can also lead to memory errors, also schematic knowledge can intrude

b/c shared connections make memories less distinguishable

49
Q

What is the DRM procedure?

A

participants are presented with a list of related words, and they often mistakenly remember the theme word when it wasn’t in the list

50
Q

What is a classic demonstration of the effects of schemata on memory?

A

when a native american story was shown to other people they left out or added details to fit with their schema better

51
Q

Are eyewitnesses reliable?

A

no

52
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

information given after an event occured will likely interfere with your memory of what happened

53
Q

What kind of false memories are easier to implant?

A

plausible memories thatn implausible ones, add a memory instead of replacing one

54
Q

Are memories that are expressed with confidence more trustworthy?

A

no but people think they are

55
Q

What is the best predictor for acquisition failure?

A

retention interval (time between intitial learning and retrival)

56
Q

What is the decay theory of forgetting vs the interference theory?

A

decay is that overtime memories fade/decay, the interference is that new memeories replace/interfere with old memories

57
Q

If there is a retrieval failure are memories still intact?

A

yes but they are inaccesible

58
Q

What might cause retrieval failure?

A

change in contact/perspective

59
Q

What is the tip-of the tongue phenomemon?

A

partial retrieval failure

60
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

memory of episodes and events in one’s own life

61
Q

Do emotions enhance consolidation? Why?

A

yes

emotional events increase amygdala activity, amygdala activity increases hippocampal activity

62
Q

Aside from increasing hippocampal activity due to emotions, whta else makes emotional memories easier to remember?

A

likely to be important, we also tend to mull over these events (rehearsal)

63
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

memories of extraordinary clarity, typically highly emotional events, retained over many years

64
Q

Can flashbulb memories contain errors?

A

yes, they can contain substantial errors

65
Q

How does stress/trauma effect memories?

A

enhance memories for materials directly relevant to source of stress, undermines memory for details and other aspects

66
Q

Memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being?

A

autobiographical

PSYC 2260 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions