Problem Solving

Question 1

What is big C creativity?

Answer 1

Artists that created masterpieces ( Darwin theory of evolution, Picasso, etc)

Question 2

What is little c creativity?

Answer 2

Small problem solving that we do in our day to day

Question 3

What is problem solving?

Answer 3

process by which one determines the steps needed to reach a goal.

Question 4

What is a problem space?

Answer 4

the set of all states that can be reached in solving the problem

Question 5

What is the hill-climbing strategy?

Answer 5

At each step in solving a problem, choose the option that moves you in the direction of your goal

Question 6

What is a potential issue with the hill climbing strategy?

Answer 6

many problems require breifly moving away from goal to solve

Question 7

What is means-end analysis?

Answer 7

considering the obstacles that stand between the initial problem state and the goal state

Question 8

How do analogies effect problem solving?

Answer 8

when given an analogy it increases the amount f people that can solve a problem, but when told that it will help majority of people are able to solve problem

Question 9

How can problem solving be improved? (structure)

Answer 9

encoruage to focus on deep structure by giving problem a label

Question 10

Who are more likel yto use analogies?

Answer 10

experts

Question 11

What can problems be broken up into?

Answer 11

subproblems

Question 12

Who are more likely to use subproblems?

Answer 12

experts

Question 13

Why are experts better at problem solving?

Answer 13

use analogies, use subproblems, know more about domain of expertise, have assembled routines, organize knowledge effectively

Question 14

What is an ill defined problem?

Answer 14

The goal state and the available operators for reaching the goal are not clearly specified.

Question 15

How are ill defined problems best solved?

Answer 15

creating well defined subgoals and adding extra constraitns or assumptions

Question 16

What is functional fixedness?

Answer 16

the tendency to be rigid in thinking about an objects function

Question 17

What is a problem solving set?

Answer 17

collection of beliefs and assumptions a person makes about a problem

Question 18

What is einstellung?

Answer 18

problem solver’s beliefs, habits, and preferred strategies,
which can have a negative effect on problem solving (german word for attitude)

Question 19

What do problem solving sets do?

Answer 19

reduce distractions from futile strategies, usually eases the search for solution, can sometimes blind you to alternative solutions

Question 20

What are some prerequisities that highly cretive people have?

Answer 20

motivated by pleasure of work, perserverance, ignore criticism, willing to take risks, great knowledge and skill in domain, in the right place at right time

Question 21

What are the four stages of creativity argued by Wallas?

Answer 21

preparation, incubation, illumination, verification

Question 22

Do creative discoveries always follow the four steps?

Answer 22

no, sometimes some steps are skipped and out of order

Question 23

What is the incubation effect?

Answer 23

when we take a break and then the solution comes to us

Question 24

Why does the incubation effect work?

Answer 24

mind wandering, could lead to spreading activation, can also help reduce fatigue/frustration

Question 25

What is convergent thinking?

Answer 25

an ability to spot ways in which seemingly distinct ideas might be interconnected

Question 26

What is divergent thinking?

Answer 26

ability to move one’s thoughts in novel, unanticipated directions

Question 27

What is forward flow?

Answer 27

how much one’s current thinking breaks away from past thoughts

Question 28

Can intelligence and talent be seperaed? Example?

Answer 28

yes, savant syndrome

Question 29

What was the original IQ test?

Answer 29

ratio between mental age and actual age (meant to help developmentally delayed children in schools)

Question 30

What do curretn IQ test use?

Answer 30

multiple subtests

Question 31

What is reliability?

Answer 31

consistency of a measure

Question 32

What is validity?

Answer 32

whether a test measures what it is intended to measure

Question 33

What is the idea of prdictive validity?

Answer 33

if a test measures
what it should, the score should predict those on a related measure. (iq and gpa shoudl correlate)

Question 34

What is general intelligence (g)?

Answer 34

a capacity that provides an advantage on virutally any mental task

Question 35

What is factor analysis?

Answer 35

procedure that looks for common factors

Question 36

What is the hierarchical model of intelligence?

Answer 36

general intelligence is top, then below is numerical/linguistic/spatial, then below is specalized abilities

Question 37

What are specific learning disabilities?

Answer 37

a problem with something despite normal intelligence (dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia)

Question 38

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 38

the ability to deal with novel problems

Question 39

When does fluid intelligence peak?

Answer 39

early adulthood and then declines with age

Question 40

What is crystallized intelligence?

Answer 40

acquired knowledge

Question 41

How does crystallized intelligence change over time?

Answer 41

increases with age

Question 42

What is inspection time? How does it correltea with intelligence?

Answer 42

the time one needs to make a discrimination between two stimuli, negative correlation between response time and intelligence scores

Question 43

What is practical intelligence?

Answer 43

“street-smart” reasoning needed in day-to-day settings

Question 44

What is rationality?

Answer 44

the capacity for critically assessing information as it is gathered in the natural environment

Question 45

What does emotional intelligence refer to?

Answer 45

ability to understand your own thoughts, feelings, emotions and others, and control your emotions

Question 46

What is the flynn effect?

Answer 46

scores on intelligence tests have risen approximately 3 points per decade over the last few decades.