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A&P RMT > MIDTERM review > Flashcards

MIDTERM review Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of tissue in the human body

A

nervous
muscle
connective
epithelial

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2
Q

what is the cardiovascular system made of

A

heart, blood, blood vessels

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3
Q

what is an atom

A

basic unit of a chemical element

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4
Q

cations?

A

give away electrons - positively charged

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5
Q

aerobic reactions need

A

oxygen

anaerobic do not

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6
Q

synovial membrane vs serous membrane

A

synovial lines cavities of joints

serous lines body cavities that dont open to external environment

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7
Q

cutaneous vs mucous

A

cutaneous - covers entire body surface - epidermis and dermis

mucous - lines body cavities that open to external environment

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8
Q

characteristics of organic molecule cells

A

large and complex, CONTAIN CARBON

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9
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis
contains many RNA and proteins

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10
Q

mitosis phases in order

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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11
Q

cell junctions that create tunnels for communication are what junctions?

A

GAP junctions

uses proteins called connexins to form fluid filled tunnels called connexons

allow nerve impulses from muscular and nervous tissues to spread quicker

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12
Q

adherens junctions

A

use cadherins to join cells, form adhesion belts

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13
Q

desmosomes

A

made of protein called keratin, use spot welds

prevents skin cells from separating under tension

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14
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

link cells to basement membrane

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15
Q

order of layers in epidermis - deepest to superficial

A

basale
spinosum
granulosum
lucidum
corneum

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16
Q

what is keratinization

A

newly formed cells from basale are always moving up accumulating keratin, undergo apoptosis and die, moving up until they reach the surface and slough off

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17
Q

which layer of skin provides temperature stability and prevents dehydration

A

dermis

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18
Q

which layer of skin is made of keratinized squamous epithelium and 4 distinct cells

A

epidermis

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19
Q

what is the most common skin cell and what is the least common

A

keratinocytes - most common

tactile epithelial cells - least numerous

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20
Q

functions of integumentary system

A

thermoregulation
blood reservoir
protection
cutaneous sensations
excretion & absorption
synthesis of vitamin D
emotional expression

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21
Q

whats the muscle that attaches to the hair

A

arrector pili

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22
Q

what color would skin be if you had lots of melanin

A

darker skin

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23
Q

diff types of exocrine glands

A

sebaceous - oil
sudoriferous - sweat
ceruminous - wax
mammary - produce milk

24
Q

what are the ends of bones called

A

epiphysis

25
Q

what makes the extracellular matrix

A

in cells: protein fibers and ground substance

in bones: 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, 55% crystalized mineral salts

26
Q

arteries in bone entrances/ exits which area

A

blood vessels called Periosteal arteries and nerves enter bone through the periosteum via VOLKMAN’S PERFORATING CANALS

27
Q

compact bone vs spongy bone

A

compact - outside of bone, composed of OSTEONS or Haversian systems

spongy - inside of bone - NO osteons

28
Q

what are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification

A

development of cartilage model
growth of the cartilage model
primary ossification center develops
medullary cavity develops
secondary ossification centers develop
articular cartilage formed

29
Q

what are intramembranous ossification steps (4)

A

ossification center develops
calcification occurs
formation of trabeculae
periosteum develops

30
Q

what does endochondral ossification produce

A

produces cartilage

making bone from cartilage

31
Q

what does intramembranous ossification produce

A

spongy bone

32
Q

hormones responsible for growth

A

human growth hormone
insulin growth factors
thyroid
parathyroid
sex hormones
calcitonin

33
Q

simple squamous description

A

one layer thick, thin flat tile shaped cell

34
Q

what is an osteoclast

A

CONSUME BONE, BONE CARVERS

BONE RESORPTION

removes calcium from bone and deposits it into blood

35
Q

what is an osteoblast

A

BONE BUILDERS
BONE DEPOSITION

takes calcium from the blood and deposits into bones

36
Q

layers of medulla from inside out

A

medulla
cortex
cuticle of hair
epithelial internal root sheath
external root sheath
dermal root sheath

37
Q

what is decomposition

A

taking one large molecule and breaking it down into two small molecules

38
Q

what is in the cytoplasm

A

organelles fluids skeleton

everything BUT NUCLEUS and plasma membrane

39
Q

3 proteins to do with plasma membrane

A

integral
transmembrane
peripheral

40
Q

what do transmembrane proteins do

A

cross the entire membrane

41
Q

what is tissue called when scar tissue damage is extensive

A

granulation tissue

42
Q

what does tissue repair depend on

A

nutrition
blood circulation
age

43
Q

what does the eccrine gland do

A

secrete watery solution
helps cool body down (thermoregulation)
helps with waste removal

44
Q

what is the part of nail responsible for growth

A

nail matrix

cells divide mitotically here
region of nail growth
1mm per week

45
Q

growth in length

A

usually complete by 18-21 years old
happens in womb, infancy, childhood

involves interstitial growth of cartilage at epiphyseal side of epiphyseal growth plate

46
Q

what are the 4 zones of activity in the epiphyseal growth plate

A

zone of resting cartilage
zone of proliferating cartilage
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
zone of calcified cartilage

47
Q

what can increase bone mineral density

A

regular weight bearing exercise

jumping

48
Q

what makes bone from scratch

A

intramembranous ossification

49
Q

what is bone remodelling carried out by

A

osteoclasts which are bone cells that resorb bone and dissolve in its minerals

osteoblasts - bone cells that make the new bone matrix

50
Q

where does growth in bone happen

A

epiphyseal plate in metaphysis

when growth is complete the plate grows over and becomes epiphyseal line

51
Q

describe periosteum

A

tough outer covering of the entire bone
rich blood supply
nourishes bone tissue
assists in fracture repair
attachment point for tendons
contains osteoblasts
attached to underlying tissue by Sharpey’s Fibers

52
Q

what is perichondrium

A

dense irregular CT that surrounds cartilage

53
Q

what is periosteum

A

dense layer of CT that covers bone

54
Q

what are the 4 distinct bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

55
Q

4 steps of how intramembranous ossification occurs

A

ossification center develops
calcification occurs
formation of trabeculae
periosteum

56
Q

endochondral ossification produces what

A

cartilage

57
Q
A

A&P RMT (7 decks)

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