Chapter 10: Urinary System Pathology Terms

Question 1

acute glomerulonephritis (ă-KYÜT glō-mĕr-Ū-lō-nĕ-FRĪ-tĭs)

Answer 1

type of nephritis (kidney infection) in which the glomeruli are the key structures affected; also called acute nephritic syndrome

Question 2

bacterial cystitis (bak-TIR-ē-ul sĭs-TĪ-tĭs)

Answer 2

inflammation of the bladder caused by bacterial infection, commonly coexisting with bacterial urethritis, both of which together constitute a UTI, sometimes referred to as a bladder infection

Question 3

chronic glomerulonephritis (KRÄN-ik glō-mer-Ū-lō-nĕ-FRĪ-tĭs)

Answer 3

condition in which the glomeruli suffer gradual, progressive, destructive changes, with resulting loss of kidney function; also called chronic nephritis

Question 4

diabetic nephropathy (dī-Ă-BĔT-ĭk nĕ-FRŎP-Ă-thē)

Answer 4

kidney disease associated with diabetes that results in inflammation, degeneration, and sclerosis of the kidneys

Question 5

diuresis (dī-Ū-RĒ-sĭs)

Answer 5

abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine

Question 6

end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (END-stāj RĒ-nĂl dĭ-ZĒZ)

Answer 6

final phase of kidney disease

Question 7

enuresis (ĕn-Ū-RĒ-sĭs)

Answer 7

involuntary urination during sleep; also called bedwetting

Question 8

frequency (FRĒ-kwun-sē)

Answer 8

need to urinate more often than normal

Question 9

glucosuria, glycosuria (gloo-kō-SŪ-rē-Ă, glī-kō-SŪ-rē-Ă)

Answer 9

sugar in the urine

Question 10

hydronephrosis (hī-drō-nĕf-RŌ-sĭs)

Answer 10

condition in which the renal pelvis and calyces become distended and dilated and begin to atrophy due to urine outflow obstruction

Question 11

interstitial cystitis (ĭn-tĕr-STĬSH-ĂI sĭs-TĪ-tĭs)

Answer 11

chronic inflammatory condition of the bladder lining not caused by infection or other identified pathology

Question 12

interstitial nephritis (ĭn-tĕr-STĬSH-ĂI nĕf-RĪ-tĭs)

Answer 12

pathological changes in renal tissue that destroy nephrons and impair kidney function

Question 13

nephrotic syndrome (nĕ-FRŎT-ĭk SĬN-drōm)

Answer 13

uncommon disorder marked by massive proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia (low blood albumin), hyperlipidemia (high blood lipids), and hypercoagulability (high tendency to form blood clots)

Question 14

neurogenic bladder (nŪ-rō-JĔN-ĭk BLĂD-ĕr)

Answer 14

bladder dysfunction (retention, incontinence, or altered capacity) due to disease or injury of the central nervous system or certain peripheral nerves

Question 15

phimosis

Answer 15

narrowing or stricture of the foreskin opening of the penis

Question 16

polycystic kidney disease (PKD) (pŏl-ē-SĬS-tĭk KĬD-nē dĭ-ZĒZ)

Answer 16

group of hereditary, progressive disorders in which cysts (small sacs of fluid) form in the kidneys, eventually destroying them

Question 17

pyelonephritis (pī-ĕ-lō-nĕ-FRĪ-tĭs)

Answer 17

inflammation and infection caused by bacterial growth in the renal pelvis and kidney

Question 18

renal calculus (RĒ-nĂI KĂL-kŪ-lŭs)

Answer 18

small stone, composed of mineral salts, that may obstruct portions of the kidneys or a ureter; also called kidney stone

Question 19

renal colic (RĒ-nĂl KÄL-ik)

Answer 19

severe, intermittent pain caused by spasms of the ureter

Question 20

renal failure (RĒ-nĂl FĀL-yĕr)

Answer 20

acute or chronic failure of the kidneys to effectively eliminate fluids or wastes from the body

Question 21

tubular necrosis (TŪ-bŪ-lĂr nĕ-KRŌ-sĭs)

Answer 21

renal failure caused by acute injury to the renal tubules

Question 22

uremia (Ū-RĒ-mē-Ă)

Answer 22

increased level of urea or other wastes in the blood

Question 23

urgency (UR-jĭn-sē)

Answer 23

need to urinate immediately

Question 24

urinary incontinence (UI) (Ū-rĭ-nār-ē ın-KŎNT-ĭn-ĕns)

Answer 24

involuntary urine leakage upon physical stress, such as a cough or sneeze (stress incontinence), after failing to reach a toilet in time (functional incontinence), or directly following the strong urge to urinate (urge incontinence)

Question 25

urinary retention (Ū-rĭ-nār-ē rĭ-TĔN-shŭn)

Answer 25

inability to urinate

Question 26

urinary tract infection (UTI) (Ū-rĭ-nār-ē trĂkt ĭn-FĔK-shŭn

Answer 26

inflammation and infection caused by bacterial growth in the urinary tract, usually the bladder

Question 27

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (VĔS-ĭ-kō-Ū-RĒ-tĕr-ăl RĒ-fluks)

Answer 27

abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureter

Question 28

Wilms’ tumor (vĭlmz TŪ-mor)

Answer 28

rapidly growing type of kidney cancer that most commonly affects children; also known as nephroblastoma or malignant neoplasm of kidney