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PT100 Study > Chapter 14: Special Senses: Eyes and Ears Review and Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Special Senses: Eyes and Ears Review and Biology Flashcards

1
Q

an-

A

without, not, absense of

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2
Q

di-

A

twice, two, double

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3
Q

exo-

A

away from, outside, external

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4
Q

hemi-

A

half

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5
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above

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6
Q

intra-

A

in, within, inner

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7
Q

micro-

A

small

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8
Q

neo-

A

new

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9
Q

retro-

A

behind, back

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10
Q

semi-

A

half

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11
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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12
Q

-cusis

A

hearing

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13
Q

-edema

A

swelling

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14
Q

-oid

A

resembling

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15
Q

-opia

A

vision, view of

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16
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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17
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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18
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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19
Q

-ptosis

A

drooping, prolapse

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20
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge

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21
Q

-rrhexis

A

rupture

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22
Q

-sclerosis

A

abnormal condition of hardening

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23
Q

-scope

A

viewing instrument

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24
Q

-spasm

A

sudden involuntary contraction

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25
Q

-tomy

A

cutting into, incision

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26
Q

eyeball

A

globe-shaped organ that consists of three layers

These are the sclera, the outer portion; the choroid, the middle portion; and the retina, the inner portion.

Each of these layers functions to protect the eye, provide vision, or communicate vision to the brain.

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27
Q

sclera

A

distinctive white color, provides strength, structure, and shape to the eye

28
Q

cornea

A

at front of the eye and bulges forward, is transparent and allows light into the eye.

29
Q

conjunctiva

A

thin mucous membrane covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the eyelids; contains many tiny blood vessels and secretory glands

30
Q

choroid

A

middle layer of eyeball

a dark-blue vascular layer between the sclera and retina that supplies blood to the entire eye.

also includes the iris, pupil, ciliary body, lens, and suspensory ligaments.

31
Q

optic nerve

A

attached to the retina, exits the posterior eye through an opening in the choroid and extends to the brain, where visual messages are delivered.

gathers visual stimuli from the ganglion neurons and transmits this information to the brain for interpretation.

32
Q

iris

A

circular structure that surrounds the pupil and gives the eyes their typical color

33
Q

pupil

A

functions as an adjustable window that lets light into the inner structures of the eye

34
Q

ciliary body

A
35
Q

ciliary muscles

A

With the help of ciliary muscles, the lens continually changes shape, enabling us to focus clearly on objects we are viewing.

36
Q

lens

A

The lens is a clear, firm, transparent disk.

37
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

attaches ciliary muscles to the lens?

38
Q

accommodation

A

the lens changing shape to enable us to focus clearly on objects we are viewing.

For near vision, the ciliary muscles contract, causing increased rounding of the lens; for far vision, they expand, causing flattening of the lens

39
Q

presbyopia

A

age related decline in visual acuity

40
Q

retina

A

It is responsible for the reception of visual impulses through the lens and the transmission of these impulses to the brain

two layers

thin outer red layer due to blood flow from main central artery and contains pigment that protects the choroid and sclera from light at the back of the eye

thick inner layer is visual portion, contains two types of visual receptors called rods and cones

41
Q

Rods

A

detect the presence of light and function in dim lighting to produce images in black and white.

42
Q

Cones

A

function in more brightly lit situations and detect color

43
Q

color deficiency

A

or color blindness

deficiency of cones

44
Q

Aqueous humor

A

found in the posterior and anterior chambers. In the anterior chamber, aqueous humor provides nourishment for the lens and cornea.

45
Q

Schlemm’s canal

A

where aqueous humor drains through a small opening

46
Q

vitreous humor

A

Vitreous humor is a jellylike substance that fills the posterior chamber and gives shape to the eye.

47
Q

Lacrimal glands

A

located on the superolateral (upper outer) side of the eye and open through the lacrimal duct at the medial (inner) side, next to the nose. They bathe, moisten, and lubricate the eye by producing tears that flow over the eye’s surface.

47
Q

Tears

A

serve a protective role, containing a bacteria-killing enzyme, and wash away foreign debris

47
Q

ear

A

responsible for hearing, balance, and equilibrium. The structures of the ear are in three main areas: the external, middle, and internal ear

48
Q

pinna

A

The external ear is composed of the auricle, or pinna, which is the outer structure. It is made up of cartilage covered with skin and sits visibly outside of the head.

49
Q

external auditory canal

A

a slender tube that leads to the middle ear. The canal is lined with modified sweat glands called ceruminous glands

50
Q

cerumen

A

a waxy substance that traps tiny foreign particles and prevents them from entering the ear’s deeper structures.

51
Q

tympanic membrane (TM)

A

a thin, flat, irregularly shaped membrane commonly known as the eardrum. It creates a wall between the external and middle ear.

52
Q

eustachian tube

A

a downward-sloping canal which connects the middle ear to the throat. It allows air movement between the inner ear and outer atmosphere. When the eustachian tube is closed and the middle-ear pressure is greater or less than atmospheric pressure, we may describe our ears as feeling plugged. The pressure is relieved when the eustachian tube opens to allow air through.

53
Q

ossicles

A

(bones)

54
Q

labyrinth

A

sometimes another term for the inner ear

55
Q

cochlea

A

a tiny, circular, snail-shaped structure filled with fluid

56
Q

perilymph

A

fluid in the inner ear

57
Q

organ of Corti

A

highly sensitive hearing structure in the inner surface of the cochlea
contains nerve endings called hair cells, which are long, hairlike fibers that transmit impulses to the vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve.

58
Q

semicircular canals

A

located behind the ossicles and two windows, contain perilymph and endolymph, a pale, transparent fluid.

59
Q

vestibular system

A

cochlea and semicircular canals

60
Q

vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve

A

nerve impulses that are sent to the brain

61
Q

Static equilibrium

A

feeling a sense of balance when we are at rest

62
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

our sense of balance when we are in motion

63
Q

Endolymph

A

the pale transparent fluid within the labyrinth, responds to changes in body position based on gravity.

64
Q

labyrinthitis

A

Inflammation of the inner ear

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