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psych 275 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

activates during bodies arousal
- increases physiological symptoms and shuts sown digestion

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1
Q

Emotion

A

an increase or decrease in physiological activity accompanied by feelings that are characteristic of the emotion
- often accompanied by behaviour or facial expression

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2
Q

Parasympathetic

A

certain emotions activate this
- shuts down the body following arousal
- rest and digest
- decreases symptoms created by the sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

James Lange Theory

A

emotional experience come from physiological arousal that recedes it
- different emotion are result of different patterns of arousal
- emotion comes after the bodies reaction, then the brain tells you why your body is reacting this way
- early research supported this theory

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4
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

belief that identity of an emotion is based on cognitive assessments of a situation
- emotion is a cognitive choice
- mental and physiological arousal combine to create emotion
- can be mental without physical
- can explain why some people misidentify their emotion

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5
Q

Integrative Embodiment Theory of Emotion

A

combination of the James Lange Theory and Cognitive Theory

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6
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

neurons that fire both when we engage in a specific act and while observing the same act in others
- empathy is related to the number of active mirror neurons you have
- first discovered in monkeys
- narcissists wouldn’t have mirror neurons in the emotion system

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7
Q

Limbic System

A

network of structures arranged around upper brain stem
- central to emotion, motivation, learning, and memory
- emotion processed in hind, mid, and forebrain

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

primary control over the autonomic system
- produces general autonomic activation
- accompanied by feelings of fear, rage, or pleasure, depending on the location of the electrode

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9
Q

Type of brain imaging used for emotion

A

functional

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

small limbic system structure near lateral ventricle of temporal lobes
- associated with fear and anxiety

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11
Q

Short SLC6A4 Allele

A

reduced serotonin and increased fear/anxiety due to hyper-responsive amygdala

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12
Q

Bilateral Amygdala Damage

A

patients with this do not experience traditional dear responses to external stimuli
- still have internal fear

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13
Q

Insular Cortex

A

involved in disgust
- cortical projection site for taste

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14
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

involved in disgust
- involved in motor functions
- plays role I the face made and recognizing the face of disgust on someone else’s faec
- damaged; inability tor recognize disgust on others faces
- OCD and Hutingston; abnormalities basal ganglia

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15
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

A
  • attention, decision-making, impulse control
  • relates to emotion
  • involved in all emotional activity but linked most to stronger emotions like sadness and happiness
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16
Q

Macrophage

A

ingests invaders and displays foreign antigens

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17
Q

T cells

A

attracted by specific antigens
- different T cells for different antigens

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18
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies that attack a particular cell type

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19
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells
- recognize invaders by the unique proteins that every cel has on the surface and kills them

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20
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

attack and destroy certain kinds of cancer cells and cells infected with viruses
- less specific than a T or B cell
- attack cells that have already been infected

21
Q

Microglia

A

acts like macrophages vs any agents that get through
- only immune cell that protects the CNS through the blood-brain barrier

22
Q

Prolonged stress negative side effects

A
  • memory interference
  • appetite changes
  • diminished sexual desire and performance
  • depleted energy
  • disrupted mood
  • compromised immune system
  • worsened concentration
23
Q

Stress

A

condition in environment that makes unusual demands on an organism
- threat, failure, or bereavement

24
Q

Sudden Cardiac Death

A

excessive sympathetic activity with stress sends heart into fibrillation, contracting so rapidly that it pumps little or no blood

25
Q

Chronic Stress

A

can change the structure of the brain and kills cells
- functional and structural degeneration
- more active amygdala ( increase negative emotions), under ac
- cause hippocampus damage

26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
- increase output from the heart and liberate glucose from the muscles for additional energy

27
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

releases norepinephrine and epinephrine
- also releases cortisol

28
Q

Cortisol

A

stress hormone
- increases in metabolism, glucose availability, and blood supply to the skeletal muscles

29
Q

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

A

stimulates the synthesis and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary gland

30
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

ACTH
- binds to the adrenal cortex and triggers release of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
- triggers stress-reducing response from target organs
- decrease subsequent release of hormones in this pathway

31
Q

Type D ‘distressed’ Personality

A

personality linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease

32
Q

Introversion

A

moderately heritable
- more likely to be anxious

33
Q

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain

A

rare genetic disorder of PNS in which people are unable to sense pain
- prone to injury
- about the sensation not the perception of pain
- don’t have the senses to receive pain

34
Q

Stress can mutate genes

A

mutated genes can be passed on to offspring
- this is why we think chronic stress decreases sexual desire so these genes are not passed onto offspring

35
Q

Pain

A

intentional pain hurts more than accidental pain
- this is due to it’s connection to emotion and intentional pain also triggers an emotional response
- adaptive emotion
- processed in the somatosensory cortex
- activates anterior cingulate cortex, which connects to limbic system

36
Q

Aggression

A

forceful or assertive behaviour that is intended to harm or control another

37
Q

Predatory Aggression

A

aggression that occurs when an animal attacks and kills its prey or when a human makes a premeditated, unprovoked attack on another

38
Q

Prolonged Pain

A
  • recruits prefrontal cortex to make long term plan to deal with it
39
Q

Affective Aggression

A

aggression characterized by it’s impulsiveness and emotional arousal

40
Q

Proactive (instrumental) Aggression

A

aggression that is unprovoked and emotionless and is intended to bring about some gain for the aggressor

41
Q

Reactive (impulsive) Aggression

A

aggression that occurs in response to a threat, real or imagined, and is characterized by heightened emotionality

42
Q

Brain Structures involved in Aggression

A

Amygdala- detects and responds to threats
Prefrontal cortex- moderates aggression with regard to amygdala
Hypothalamus- primary instigator or aggressive behaviour
Insula and Anterior Cingulate- (when emotion is involved

43
Q

Testosterone

A

plays a role in animals and both male and female human aggression
- reduces functional connectivity between orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala, leading to poor emotion regulation
- relationship between aggression and testosterone highly variable without considering other influences

44
Q

Serotonin

A

conventionally inhibitory, suppressing motivated behaviors
- low serotonin is linked to impulsive aggression
- reducing connectivity in prefrontal cortex with the amygdala
- amygdala therefore overreacts to threats

45
Q

type of aggression determines what brain area is involved

A

activity in temporal lobe is either enhanced or reduced; enhanced for reactive aggression, reduced for reactive aggression

46
Q

Cortisol

A

inhibitory to aggression
- low cortisol has high levels of calculating and unemotional aggression

47
Q

SSRI’s to treat low serotonin

A

increase serotonin decreases aggression
- increases connectivity in prefrontal cortex

48
Q

Heredity of Aggression

A

50% of aggression is heritable
-several genes that are involved in aggression

49
Q

MAOA Gene

A
  • enzyme that degrades serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
  • too much of this increases aggression
  • deficiencies in MAOA associated with impulsive aggression
50
Q

?

A

developmental and functional
communication within the cell
cellular function and maintenance

51
Q

Environmental Influences

A
  • childhood abuse (physical or sexual)
  • family adversity
  • low socioeconomic status
  • pre-adulthood cannabis consumption or alcohol abuse
  • living in a big city

psych 275 (10 decks)

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