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PSYCH 275 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Merkels DIsc

A

texture and fine detail
give a more sustained response

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1
Q

Meissners Corpuscle

A

for texture and fine detail
- closer to surface
- responds with brief burst of impulses

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2
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle and Ruffian Endings

A

deeper in skin layer
- detect stretch of the skin and the perception of the shape of grasped object

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3
Q

Temperature Receptors

A

all members of the transient receptor potential family of protein ion channels

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4
Q

Thermal Pain Receptors

A

hurts because of the extreme temperature
- also a type of TRP receptors

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5
Q

Chemical Pain. Receptors

A

wide range of chemical irritants
- includes spicy things

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6
Q

Mechanical Pain Receptors

A
  • exist but cannot tell us what they are
  • like being punched
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7
Q

Vestibular Sense

A
  • helps us maintain balance
  • provides information about head position and movement
  • maintained by fluid-filled vestibular organ of inner ear
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8
Q

Proprioception

A

senses movement, action, and location

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9
Q

Skin senses

A

senses conditions at the body surface

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10
Q

Vestibular System

A

senses body positions at the body surface

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11
Q

Semiciruclar annals

A

3 of them
- arranged in different orientations
- helps us respond to head movements in the three different directions
- position of our head

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12
Q

Utricle and Saccule

A

monitor head and position in terms of gravity

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13
Q

INtroceptive System

A

senses states of our internal organs

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14
Q

Cupula

A

tuffs of hair cells within it
- as they move and bend, it gives us information about positions
- speed at which they bend tells us at the speed in which the head is moving
- bend tells us which was the head is bending
- can only tell when your head accelerates not decelerates

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15
Q

Vestibular Nuclei, Cerebellum, Cortex (PIV)

A

receives information from the vestibular system

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16
Q

Parietal Insular Vestibular Cortex

A

receives information from the vestibular system

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17
Q

Dermatome

A

a segment of the body served by a single spinal nerve
- informs us what spinal nerve serves what portion of the bodies senses

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18
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

the projection area for the body sense neurons
- located in the parietal lobes just behind the primary motor cortex and the central sulcus

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19
Q

How Body Sense Information get to the Somatosensory Cortex?

A

enter spinal cord via spinal nerves or straight to the brain if it’s via a cranial nerve, then crosses over the midline in the medulla and travels to the thalamus

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20
Q

Somatotopic Map

A

representation of the body in the somatosensory cortex, with adjacent body parts represented in adjacent parts of the cortex

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21
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

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A

four areas, each contains a somatotopic map of the body

22
Q

Secondary Somato

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A

integrates information from both sides of the body
- neurones in this area responsive to stimuli that have acquired meaning
- sends connections to the part of the temporal lobe that includes the hippocampus, and the the posterior parietal cortex

23
Q

Movement to the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex

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A

information passed from the thalamus to two subareas, extract some information, pass to two other areas which process info and pass the the secondary somatosensory cortex

24
Hippocampus
forms somatosensory memories
25
Posterior Parietal Cortex
association area that brings together the body senses, vision, and audition - finally able to label what we are sensing - neurons fire before and during movement to pass on information to frontal areas that trigger movements
26
Body Integrity Identity Disorder
condition where individuals with no apparent brain damage or disorder are convinced their limb foes not belong to them - when the limb is touched, their is no response in the superior parietal areas - skin conductance response to stimulation is doubled in that limb suggesting intense emotion about the limb but still no perception
27
Out of Body Experience
an illusion where the individual hallucinates seeing their body from another location
28
Fast Pain Pathway
- red lines, myelinated - registers localized pain and relays it to the cortex in a fraction of a second
29
Slow
conveys the less localized, longer-lasting, aching, or burning pain - C fibres are slower
30
Alpha (A) Delta Fibers
myelinated so thicker and faster - for fast pathway - go up into the somatosensory areas
31
Pain neurons immediately pass over at the
spinal cord
32
C Fibres
for the slow pathway - unmylinated so slower - go to the midbrain and thalamus
33
SUbstance P
neuropeptide that increases pain sensitivity - so any future pain feels more intense
34
Glutamate
released for mild pain and eventually substance P is released in the spinal cord and enhance sensitivity
35
Nonsteroid Anti-Inflammitory (NSAID)
decreases swelling in tissues
36
Opiates
stimulates opiate receptors, blocks pain messages in CNS
37
COX-2 INhibitor (selective NSAID)
decreased inflammation
38
Acetaminophen
blocks pain signals in CNS
39
Endorphins
neurochemicals that function as neurotransmitters and hormones - act at opiate receptors in nervous system - only works under highly specific conditions
40
inescapable pain, must really activate it, life or death - naloxone eliminates that analgesia induced by inescapable shock but the milder analgesia that follows escapable shock
41
Analgesia
pain relieving
42
Gate Control Theory
pressure signals arriving in the brain trigger an inhibitory message that travels back down the spinal cord, where it close a neural 'gate' in the pain pathway - where we believe endorphins are acting
43
Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
a brain stem structure surrounding the cerebral ventricles with a large number of endorphin synapses - women have less opiate receptors here than men so they need more drugs to relieve pain - there are cannabinoid receptors here
44
Endorphins
- stop the ascending pathway - inhibit the release of substance P
45
Origins of Endorphin Activation
cingulate cortex or amygdala
46
Congenital Analgesia
insensitivity to pain - rare and dangerous - linked to mutations in the SCN94, PRDM12. and NGFB genes as well as elevated natural opioid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid - do have pain but don't feel it as intensely
47
Inflammatory Soup
an array of signalling molecules released when the body is in pain, which includes histamine, proteins, lipids, neurotransmitters, and cytokines
48
Chronic Pain
pain that lasts after healing occurs - severity of injury does not determine likelihood of chronic pain - depression is strongly related to chronic pain - strength of functional connectivity between nucleus accumbent and frontal cortex predicts chronic back pain; suggest emotional connection between injury and chronic pain
49
SCN9A, COMT, 6 variations of Glucocorticoid Gene
genes associated with chronic pain
50
Phantom Pain
51
Nervous System Changes during Chronic Pain
- pain pathways more sensitive - new connections between peripheral neurones in spinal cord; increase sensitivity - normal spinal inhibitory mechanisms depressed
52
Brain Changes to Chronic Pain
- brain-stem pathways more responsive - increase prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insult activation - more somatosensory cortex devoted to painful areas - grey matter lost proportionately to the amount and duration of pain

PSYCH 275 (10 decks)

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