Chapter 1

Question 1

1990s were deemed the…

Answer 1

Decade of the Brain
- period of intense research and awareness
- new understanding of neurological diseases, emotional disorders, and addictions

Question 2

behavioural neuroscience

Answer 2

studies the relationship between behaviour and the body, specifically the brain

Question 3

behaviour

Answer 3

both overt (external) and covert (internal) events

Question 4

Overt

Answer 4

make a sound, move a particular way

Question 5

Covert

Answer 5

learning, thinking, and emotion

Question 6

Mind-brain problem

Answer 6

what is the mind and what is it’s relationship to the brain

Question 7

Dualism

Answer 7

idea that the mind and body are separate

Question 8

Monism

Answer 8

idea that the mind and body consist of the same substance

Question 9

materialistic monism

Answer 9

view that thee body and mind and everything else are physical

Question 10

Model

Answer 10

a proposed mechanism for how something works

Question 11

Empiricism

Answer 11

gathering information through observation

Question 12

Late 1700s

Answer 12

Luigi Galvani used electricity to stimulate nerves

Question 13

1870

Answer 13

Fritsch and Hitzig produced movement by electrically stimulating the brain

Question 14

Hermann von Heimholtz

Answer 14

demonstrated nerves do not behave like conducting wires

Question 15

Localization

Answer 15

specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions

Question 16

Phrenology

Answer 16

35 different “faculties” of emotion, intellect found in precise areas of the brain

Question 17

Equipotentiality

Answer 17

the brain can function as an undifferentiated whole

Question 18

Nature versus Nurture

Answer 18

an ongoing debate about how important heredity is relative to environmental influences in shaping behaviour
- fairly controversial topic in psychology, especially in regards to public opinion

Question 19

Gene

Answer 19

biological unit that directs cellular processes and transmits inherited characteristics

Question 20

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Answer 20

double-stranded double helix chain of chemical molecules

Question 21

Zygote

Answer 21

fertilized egg which undergoes rapid cell division and development on its way to becoming a functioning organism
- each parent contributes 23 chromosomes
- contains 46 in total

Question 22

Embryo

Answer 22

new organism as it develops over first 8 weeks
- after zygote undergoes cell division

Question 23

Fetus

Answer 23

organism at developmental stage between 8 weeks and birth

Question 24

Alleles

Answer 24

different versions of a gene

Question 25

Dominant Allele

Answer 25

produces effect regardless of which allele it is paired with

Question 26

Recessive Allele

Answer 26

has influence only when paired with the same allele

Question 27

Heterozygous

Answer 27

two alleles are different

Question 28

Homozygous

Answer 28

two identical alleles

Question 29

Phenotype

Answer 29

an observable characteristic

Question 30

Genotype

Answer 30

combinations of alleles

Question 31

X-linked

Answer 31

a characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on the x-chromosome

Question 32

Polygenic

Answer 32

characteristics determined by several genes

Question 33

Genome

Answer 33

all the genes in our chromosomes

Question 34

Human Genome Project

Answer 34

project with goal to map the location of all the genes on the human chromosome - found that only 3% of human DNA encodes for something, the rest is junk DNA

Question 35

Gene Expression

Answer 35

translation of encoded information into production of proteins

Question 36

Natural Selection

Answer 36

survival of the fittest - those whose genes endow them with more adaptive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 37

Heritability

Answer 37

percentage of the variation in a characteristic attributed to genetic factors

Question 38

Vulnerability

Answer 38

genes contribute to predisposition for a disorder