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PSYCH 275 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

activates during bodies arousal
- increases physiological symptoms and shuts sown digestion

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1
Q

Emotion

A

an increase or decrease in physiological activity accompanied by feelings that are characteristic of the emotion
- often accompanied by behaviour or facial expression

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2
Q

Parasympathetic

A

certain emotions activate this
- shuts down the body following arousal
- rest and digest
- decreases symptoms created by the sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

James Lange Theory

A

emotional experience come from physiological arousal that recedes it
- different emotion are result of different patterns of arousal
- emotion comes after the bodies reaction, then the brain tells you why your body is reacting this way
- early research supported this theory

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4
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

belief that identity of an emotion is based on cognitive assessments of a situation
- emotion is a cognitive choice
- mental and physiological arousal combine to create emotion
- can be mental without physical
- can explain why some people misidentify their emotion

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5
Q

Integrative Embodiment Theory of Emotion

A

combination of the James Lange Theory and Cognitive Theory

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6
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

neurons that fire both when we engage in a specific act and while observing the same act in others
- empathy is related to the number of active mirror neurons you have
- first discovered in monkeys
- narcissists wouldn’t have mirror neurons in the emotion system

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7
Q

Limbic System

A

network of structures arranged around upper brain stem
- central to emotion, motivation, learning, and memory
- emotion processed in hind, mid, and forebrain

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

primary control over the autonomic system
- produces general autonomic activation
- accompanied by feelings of fear, rage, or pleasure, depending on the location of the electrode

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9
Q

Type of brain imaging used for emotion

A

functional

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

small limbic system structure near lateral ventricle of temporal lobes
- associated with fear and anxiety

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11
Q

Short SLC6A4 Allele

A

reduced serotonin and increased fear/anxiety due to hyper-responsive amygdala

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12
Q

Bilateral Amygdala Damage

A

patients with this do not experience traditional dear responses to external stimuli
- still have internal fear

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13
Q

Insular Cortex

A

involved in disgust
- cortical projection site for taste

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14
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

involved in disgust
- involved in motor functions
- plays role I the face made and recognizing the face of disgust on someone else’s faec
- damaged; inability tor recognize disgust on others faces
- OCD and Hutingston; abnormalities basal ganglia

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15
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

A
  • attention, decision-making, impulse control
  • relates to emotion
  • involved in all emotional activity but linked most to stronger emotions like sadness and happiness
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16
Q

Macrophage

A

ingests invaders and displays foreign antigens

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17
Q

T cells

A

attracted by specific antigens
- different T cells for different antigens

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18
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies that attack a particular cell type

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19
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells
- recognize invaders by the unique proteins that every cel has on the surface and kills them

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20
Q

Natural Killer Cells

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A

attack and destroy certain kinds of cancer cells and cells infected with viruses
- less specific than a T or B cell
- attack cells that have already been infected

21
Q

Microglia

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A

acts like macrophages vs any agents that get through
- only immune cell that protects the CNS through the blood-brain barrier

22
Q

Prolonged stress negative side effects

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A
  • memory interference
  • appetite changes
  • diminished sexual desire and performance
  • depleted energy
  • disrupted mood
  • compromised immune system
  • worsened concentration
23
Q

Stress

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A

condition in environment that makes unusual demands on an organism
- threat, failure, or bereavement

24
Sudden Cardiac Death
excessive sympathetic activity with stress sends heart into fibrillation, contracting so rapidly that it pumps little or no blood
25
Chronic Stress
can change the structure of the brain and kills cells - functional and structural degeneration - more active amygdala ( increase negative emotions), under ac - cause hippocampus damage
26
Hypothalamus
stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase output from the heart and liberate glucose from the muscles for additional energy
27
Adrenal Medulla
releases norepinephrine and epinephrine - also releases cortisol
28
Cortisol
stress hormone - increases in metabolism, glucose availability, and blood supply to the skeletal muscles
29
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
stimulates the synthesis and release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary gland
30
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
ACTH - binds to the adrenal cortex and triggers release of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine - triggers stress-reducing response from target organs - decrease subsequent release of hormones in this pathway
31
Type D 'distressed' Personality
personality linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease
32
Introversion
moderately heritable - more likely to be anxious
33
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain
rare genetic disorder of PNS in which people are unable to sense pain - prone to injury - about the sensation not the perception of pain - don't have the senses to receive pain
34
Stress can mutate genes
mutated genes can be passed on to offspring - this is why we think chronic stress decreases sexual desire so these genes are not passed onto offspring
35
Pain
intentional pain hurts more than accidental pain - this is due to it's connection to emotion and intentional pain also triggers an emotional response - adaptive emotion - processed in the somatosensory cortex - activates anterior cingulate cortex, which connects to limbic system
36
Aggression
forceful or assertive behaviour that is intended to harm or control another
37
Predatory Aggression
aggression that occurs when an animal attacks and kills its prey or when a human makes a premeditated, unprovoked attack on another
38
Prolonged Pain
- recruits prefrontal cortex to make long term plan to deal with it
39
Affective Aggression
aggression characterized by it's impulsiveness and emotional arousal
40
Proactive (instrumental) Aggression
aggression that is unprovoked and emotionless and is intended to bring about some gain for the aggressor
41
Reactive (impulsive) Aggression
aggression that occurs in response to a threat, real or imagined, and is characterized by heightened emotionality
42
Brain Structures involved in Aggression
Amygdala- detects and responds to threats Prefrontal cortex- moderates aggression with regard to amygdala Hypothalamus- primary instigator or aggressive behaviour Insula and Anterior Cingulate- (when emotion is involved
43
Testosterone
plays a role in animals and both male and female human aggression - reduces functional connectivity between orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala, leading to poor emotion regulation - relationship between aggression and testosterone highly variable without considering other influences
44
Serotonin
conventionally inhibitory, suppressing motivated behaviors - low serotonin is linked to impulsive aggression - reducing connectivity in prefrontal cortex with the amygdala - amygdala therefore overreacts to threats
45
type of aggression determines what brain area is involved
activity in temporal lobe is either enhanced or reduced; enhanced for reactive aggression, reduced for reactive aggression
46
Cortisol
inhibitory to aggression - low cortisol has high levels of calculating and unemotional aggression
47
SSRI's to treat low serotonin
increase serotonin decreases aggression - increases connectivity in prefrontal cortex
48
Heredity of Aggression
50% of aggression is heritable -several genes that are involved in aggression
49
MAOA Gene
- enzyme that degrades serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine - too much of this increases aggression - deficiencies in MAOA associated with impulsive aggression
50
?
developmental and functional communication within the cell cellular function and maintenance
51
Environmental Influences
- childhood abuse (physical or sexual) - family adversity - low socioeconomic status - pre-adulthood cannabis consumption or alcohol abuse - living in a big city

PSYCH 275 (10 decks)

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