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Gross Anatomy > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major segments of the upper limb?

A
  • Shoulder
  • Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
  • Arm (brachium)
  • Forearm (antebrachium)
  • Hand (manus)
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2
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd segments of free upper limb?

A

1st: Arm (brachium)
2nd: Forearm (antebrachium)

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3
Q

What are the bones of the upper limb?

A

Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpal Bones, Metacarpals, Phalanges.

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4
Q

Where is the weakest part of the clavicle?

A

Junction between its middle and lateral thirds.

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5
Q

What elevates the medal portion of the clavicle when broken?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

The scapula overlies what ribs?

A

Ribs 2nd-7th.

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7
Q

What is the point of communication between supra- and infraspinous fossae?

A

Spinoglenoid notch

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8
Q

Shallow, concave, oval depression that articulates with humerus?

A

Glenoid fossa

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9
Q

What is the largest bone in the upper limb?

A

Humerus

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10
Q

What are the types of fractures of the Humerus, the results of fracture and what nerves are at risk for damage.

A
  • Surgical neck: common in elderly due to fall on hand with forces being transmitted upward. Axillary n. at risk for damage
  • Transverse fractures of shaft: results from direct blow. deltoid m. will cary proximal fragment laterally (ABD) . Radial n. at risk
  • Spiral fractures of shaft: indirect resulting from fall on outstretched hand.Radial n. at risk
  • Intercondylar fractures: result from severe fall on flexed elbow that may separate condyle from shaft completely. may damage median or ulnar nn.
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11
Q

What is Colle’s fracture? (most common in forearm)

  • Who is it most common in?
  • Name for posterior angulation happening in the forearm just proximal to the wrist.
A

A complete transverse fracture of the distal 2cm of the radius.

  • Common in adults 50 and over - more common in women due to osteoporosis.
  • Dinner fork deformity.
  • healing is good due to rich blood supply.
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12
Q

What are the 8 carpal bones?

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum (triquetral), Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
(So long to pinky here comes the thumb)

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13
Q

What carpal bones articulate with the radius?

A

Scaphoid and Lunate.

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14
Q

What carpal bones articulate with 1-5 metacarpals?

A

1-2: Trapezium
2:Trapezoid
3: Capitate
4-5: Hamate

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15
Q

Whats the most commonly fractured carpal bone?

A

Scaphoid

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16
Q

What are the joints of the Upper Limb? Name each joint type.

A
  • Scapulothoracic Joint: phsiological (muscular)
  • Sternoclavicular Joint: synovial
  • Acromioclavicular Joint: synovial
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17
Q

What muscles act upon the scapular thoracic joint?

A

Trapezius, Rhomboids and Serratus Anterior mm.

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18
Q

What joint of the upper limb provides base from which upper limb operates?

A

Scapulothoracic joint.

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19
Q

What joint provides only articulation between upper limb and axial skeleton.

A

Sternoclavicular Joint.

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20
Q

What are the 4 ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Costoclavicular l., Ant/Post sternoclavicular l., Interclavicular l.

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21
Q

What are the two ligaments of the Acromioclavicular joint?

A

Coracoclavicular l. and Acromioclavicular l.

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22
Q

What two ligaments compose the caracoclavicular l.?

A
  • Trapezoid l. (more lateral of the two) - horizontal

- Conoid l. inverted triangle with base being at conoid tubercle.

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23
Q

A factor of the surgical neck of the humerus might injure which n.?

A

Axillary nerve

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24
Q

Where is the head of the ulna located?

A

Located distally

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25
Q

Which bones form the wrist?

A

Scaphoid, lunate, radius…?

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26
Q

Where is the radial styloid process located?

A

Distal end of radius on lateral side.

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27
Q

Which carpal bones are found in the proximal row?

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform.

28
Q

What are phalanges?

A

Little bone making digits typically there are 3 (proximal, medial, distal) thumb only 2.

29
Q

The Glenoid fossa accepts little more than a third of humeral head, what muscles via tonus hold it in?

A

Supraspinatus m., Infraspinatus m., Teres minor m., Subscapularis m.

30
Q

What slightly deepens the glenoid fossa?

A

Glenoid labrum (ring-like fibrocartilaginous lip)

31
Q

What ligaments make up the glenohumeral joint and what is there location and function?

A
  • glenohumeral ll.: strengthen capsule anteriorly, only visible from interior of capsule (intrinsic)
  • coracohumeral l.: (intrinsic) strengthens joint superiorly, supporting weight of arm when hanging.
  • caracoacromial l.: from coracoid process to acromion of which the inferior aspects form an coracoacromial arch.
  • transverse humeral l.: converts IT groove into a canal holding synovial sheath and tendon of long head of biceps brachia m. in the groove.
32
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.

33
Q

The deltoid fascia inferiorly is continuous with?

A
  • Pectoral fascia anteriorly

- Infraspinous fascia posteriorly

34
Q

What are the 6 scapulohumeral muscles?

A

Deltoid, Teres Major, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.

35
Q

What bone protects the neuromuscular bundle?

A

Clavicle

36
Q

Which ligament usually prevents dislocation at AC joint?

A

Caracoclavicular ligament

37
Q

What does the sternoclavicular joint function as?

A

Ball-and-socket

38
Q

The humeral head is held in fossa by tonus of the following…?

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis.

39
Q

What slightly deepens the glenoid fossa?

A

Glenoid labrum: ring-like fibrocartilaginous lip

40
Q

Where are the two apertures (opening or gap) of the glenohumeral joint?

A
  1. Between tubercles to allow for tendon of long head of biceps brachii m.
  2. Anteriorly (inferior to caracoled process) that allows communication between sub scapular bursae and synovial cavity.
41
Q

Deltoid

A

O: Lateral 1/3 clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula
I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A: Anterior (clavicular) fibers - flexion and MR of humerus. Middle (acromial) fibers - ABD (15-90 degress). Posterior (spinal) fibers - extension and LR of humerus
N: Axillary n. (C5, C6)
B: Anterior and posterior humeral circumflex aa.; acromial and deltoid branches of thoracoacromial trunk.

42
Q

Teres Major

A

O: Posterior suface of inferior angle of scapula
I: medial lip IT groove of humerus
A: ADD and MR of humerus; assists with extension from flexed position
N: Lower subscapular n. (C5,C6)
B: Thoracodorsal a.

43
Q

Supraspinatus (S)

A

O: supraspinous fossa of scapula
I: Superior fact greater tubercle of humerus
A: Initiates ABD of humerus (first 15 degrees)
N: Suprascapular n. (C4, C5, C6)
B: Suprascapular a.

44
Q

Infraspinatus (I)

A 
O: infraspinous fossa of scapula 
I: middle facet greater tubercle of humerus
A: LR of humerus
N: Suprascapular n. (C5, C6)
B: Suprascapular a.
45
Q

Teres Minor (T)

A

O: Middle part, lateral border of scapula
I: Inferior facet greater tubercle of humerus
A: LR of humerus; assists with ADD of humerus
N: axillary n. ( C5, C6)
B: Circumflex scapular aa.

46
Q

Subscapularis (S)

A

O: subscapular fossa (most of anterior surface of scapula)
I: lesser tubercle of humerus
A: most powerful MR of humerus; assists with ADD of humerus
N: Upper and lower sub scapular nn. (C5, C6, C7)
B: Subscapular a.

47
Q

Vasculature of scapula humeral muscles?

A
  • Suprascapular a.
  • Dorsal scapular a.
  • Thoracoacromial trunk
  • Subscapular a.
  • Thoracodorsal a.
  • Ciruculfex scapular a.
  • Anterior humeral circumflex a.
  • Posterior humeral circumflex a.
48
Q

Where is suprascapular a. located and what does it innovate?

A
  • From thyrocervical trunk (or directly off subclkavian a.)
  • Passes superior to transverse scapular l. (spans suprascapular notch) to supraspinous fossa.
  • passes through spinoglenoid notch to infraspinous fossa.
49
Q

Where is Dorsal scapular a. located and what does it innovate?

A
  • from subclavian a.
  • passes through trunks of brachial plexus
  • runs along medial border of scapula
  • participates in scapular anastomoses
50
Q

Where is Thoracodorsal trunk located and what does it innovate?

A
  • from 2nd part of axillary a.

- gives off clavicular, acromial, deltoid and pectoral branches

51
Q

Where is Subscapular a. located and what does it innovate?

A
  • from 3rd part of axillary a.
  • descends along lateral border of subscapularis m.
  • Terminates as: Thoracodorsal a. , circumflex scapular a.
52
Q

Where is thoracodorsal a. located and what does it innovate?

A
  • from sub scapular a.

- continues path of sub scapular a.

53
Q

Where is Circumlflex scapular a. located and what does it innovate?

A
  • from subscapular a.
  • curves around lateral border of scapula
  • found in triangular space
  • key paler in scapular anastomoses
54
Q

Where is anterior humeral circumflex a. located and what does it innovate?

A
  • from 3rd part of axillary a.
  • encircles surgical neck of humerus (passes deep to long head of biceps brachia t.)
  • anastomoses with posterior humeral circumflex a. laterally
  • often shares a common trunk with posterior humeral circumflex a.
55
Q

Where is posterior humeral circumflex a. located and what does it innovate?

A
  • from 3rd part of axillary a.
  • encircles surgical neck of humerus
  • transverses quadrangular space
56
Q

Innervation of scapulohumeral muscles:

A
  • Suprascapular n.
  • Axillary n.
  • Upper subscapular n.
  • Lower subscapular n.
57
Q

The muscular spaces of the upper limb are and in general where are they found on the body?

A

Found posteriorly

  • Quadrangular space
  • Triangular space
  • Triangular interval
58
Q

What are the borders for the quadrangular space and what does it contain?

A 
Superior - teres minor m.
Inferior - trees major m.
Lateral - surgical neck of humerus
Medial - long head triceps brachia m.
-contains: axillary n. and posterior humeral circumflex a.
59
Q

What are the borders fro the triangular space and what does it contain?

A

Base - long head triceps brachia m.
Superior - teres minor m.
Inferior - trees major m.
-contains: circumflex scapular a.

60
Q

What are the borders fro the triangular interval and what does it contain?

A

base - trees major m.
medial - long head triceps brachii m.
lateral - lateral head triceps brachia m.
-contains: radial n. and profundra brachii a.

61
Q

Injury to Axillary n. (C5, C6) is usually by what?

A
  • fracture of surgical neck
  • dislocation of glenohumeral joint
  • compression by improper use of crutches
  • intramuscular injections
62
Q

Injury to axillary n. causes what?

A
  • Deltoid m. atrophy
  • Also may cause a loss of sensation over lateral part of proximal arm.
  • ABD of humerus from 15-90 degrees would be affected.
63
Q

Rotator cuff injury is usually caused by?

A

Continual use of the limbic a position above horizontal.

64
Q

Trauma to the Rotator cuff may tear one or more of the —– muscles? *hint: SITS

A

(S) supraspinatus
(I) infraspinatus
(T) Teres minor
(S) subscapularis

65
Q

What tendon is most commonly injured in a rotator cuff injury?

A

Supraspinatus tendon

Gross Anatomy (15 decks)

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