Foot

Question 1

What are the divisions of the foot and bones of each division?

Answer 1

• hindfoot - (heel) talus and cancaneus
• midfoot - navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms
• forefoot - (ball) - metatarsals and phalanges

Question 2

What are the two longitudinal arches?

Answer 2

• medial part

- lateral part

Question 3

What forms the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 3

• calcaneus
• talus
• navicular
• 3 cuneiforms and metatarsals 1-3

Question 4

What forms the lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 4

• calcaneus
• cuboid
• 4th-5th metatarsals

Question 5

What strengthens and suspends the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 5

Strengthens:
-plantar calcaneonavicular l.
-plantar aponeurosis
Suspends:
-tibialis anterior m.
-fibularis longus t.
-deltoid l.

Question 6

What forms the transverse arch?

Answer 6

• cuboid
• 3 cuneiforms
• base of metatarsals 1-5

Question 7

What strengthens and suspends the lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 7

Strengthened:
-long and short plantar ll.
-plantar aponeurosis
Suspends:
-fibularis longus m.
-fibularis brevis m.

Question 8

What is the keystone of the medial and lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 8

Medial keystone: talar head

Lateral keystone: cuboid

Question 9

What muscles of the foot are in the 1st layer?

Answer 9

• abductor hallucis
• flexor digitorum brevis
• abductor digiti minimi

Question 10

What muscles of the foot are in the 2nd layer?

Answer 10

-lumbricals (1-4)

Question 11

What muscles of the foot are in the 3rd layer?

Answer 11

• flexor hallucis brevis
• adductor hallucis
• flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 12

What muscles of the foot are in the 4th layer?

Answer 12

• plantar interossei

- dorsal interossei

Question 13

Abductor Hallucis

Answer 13

O: medial tubercle of tuberosity of clacaneus; flexor retinaculum; plantar aponeurosis
I: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
A: ABD and flexion of great toe (hallux)
N: medial plantar n. (S2,S3)

Question 14

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Answer 14

O: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; inter muscular septa
I: Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral 4 digits
A: flexion of lateral 4 digits
N: medial plantar n. (S2, S3)

Question 15

Abductor digiti minimi

Answer 15

O: medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; inter muscular septa
I: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
A: ABD and flexion of 5th digit (little toe)
N: lateral plantar n. (S2, S3)

Question 16

Quadratus Plantae

Answer 16

O: medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus
I: Posterolateral margin t. of FDL
A: Assits FDL in flexing lateral 4 digits
N: lateral plantar n. (S2, S3)

Question 17

Lumbricals (1-4)

Answer 17

O: individual tendons of FDL
I: medial aspect of expansion over lateral 4 digits
A: flexion of proximal phalanges; extend middle and distal flanges lateral 4 digits
N: 1st lumbrical - medial plantar n. (S2, S3)
2nd -4th lumbricals - lateral plantar n. (S2, S3)

Question 18

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Answer 18

O: plantar surface of cuboid, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
I: both sides base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
A: flexion of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
N: medial plantar n. (S2, S3)

Question 19

Adductor Hallucis

Answer 19

O: oblique head - base of metatarsals 2-4
transverse head - plantar ll. of MTP joints
I: lateral side base of the proximal phalanx of 1st digit
A: ADD of 1st digit; assists maintaining transverse arch by puling lateral 4 digits medial
N: lateral plantar n. (S2, S3)

Question 20

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Answer 20

O: base of 5th metatarsal
I: base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
A: flexion of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
N: lateral plantar n. (S2, S3)

Question 21

Plantar Interossei

Answer 21

O: bases and medial dies of metatarsals 3-5
I: medial sides of bases of flanges of 3rd-5th digits
A: ADD digits 3-5; flex MP joints
N: lateral plantar n. (S2, S3)
*PAD - planter interossei ADduct

Question 22

Dorsal Interossei

Answer 22

O: adjacent sides o metatarsals 1-5
I: 1st - medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
2nd-4th - lateral side of proximal phalanx of 2nd
digits
A: ABD digits 2-4; flex MP joints
N: lateral plantar n. (S2, S3)
*DAB - dorsal interossei ABduct

Question 23

What is the terminal branch of posterior tibial a.?

Answer 23

lateral plantar a.

Question 24

What is the terminal branch of the posterior tibial a.?

Answer 24

medial plantar a.

Question 25

What are the terminal branch(s) of tibial n.?

Answer 25

medial and lateral plantar nn.

Question 26

Where does the Saphenous n. come from?

Answer 26

Femoral n.

Question 27

Where is the lateral dorsal cutaneous n. from and what does it supply?

Answer 27

From Sural n.

Supplies skin on lateral margin of foot

Question 28

What supplies the skin of the heel?

Answer 28

• medial calcaneal branch of tibial n.

- lateral calcaneal branch of sural n.

Question 29

Extensor digitorum brevis

Answer 29

O: calcaneus; interosseous talocalcaneal l.; stem of inferior extensor retincaculum
I: long extensor tendons of 3 medial digits (toes 2-4)
A: aids EDL in extension of 3 medial digits at the EMP and IP joints
N: lateral branch deep fibular n. (L5 or both)

Question 30

Extensor Hallucis brevis

Answer 30

O: Calcaneus; interosseous talcalcaneal l.; stem of inferior extensor retinaculum
I: dorsal aspect base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
A: aids EHL in extension of 1st digit at the MP joint
N: lateral branch of deep fibular n. (L5 or S1 or both)

Question 31

What are the 4 places to take a pulse in the lower limb?

Answer 31

1. Femoral artery in fermoral triangle
2. politeal artery in popliteal fossa
3. posterior artery behind medial malleolus
4. dorsalis pedis artery begins midway between malleoli

Question 32

Dorsalis pedis a. is a direct continuation of what a.?

Answer 32

Anterior tibial a.