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D1 Fall Histology > 11/7: Teeth > Flashcards

11/7: Teeth Flashcards

1
Q

What are teeth grossly divided into?

A

Root and crown

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2
Q

What is the portion of the tooth embedded in bone?

A

Tooth root

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3
Q

What is the pat of jaw that a tooth is embedded in?

A

Alveolar ridge

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4
Q

What is the tooth socket called?

A

Alveolus

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5
Q

What is the portion of tooth that projects into oral cavity?

A

Crown

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6
Q

What are teeth protected by?

A

A layer of highly mineralized enamel, covers crown

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7
Q

What is enamel?

A

a hard, translucent substance, containing < 1% organic material & 96-98% hydroxyapatite

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8
Q

What is enamel secreted by?

A

Tall, columnar ameloblasts of enamel organ

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9
Q

When do ameloblasts degenerate?

A

When the tooth erupts, after which enamel cannot be replaced by new synthesis

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10
Q

What do secretory ends of ameloblasts form?

A

Single, large process, Tome’s process (microtubules and secretory vesicles)

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11
Q

Explain enamel mineralization

A

Non-uniform, resulting in highly calcified enamel rods or prisms - roughly hexagonal

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12
Q

What is enamel separated by?

A

Interprismatic material

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13
Q

Where do enamel rods extend from?

A

Ameloblasts at enamel surface to dentino-enamel junction

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14
Q

What is the bulk of tooth composed of?

A

Less mineralized dentine

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15
Q

What is dentine secreted by?

A

Odontoblasts of dental papilla as non-mineralized pre-dentine

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16
Q

Explain the components of dentine?

A

Chemically similar to bone, but more mineralized; ~70-80% hydroxyapatite crystals

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17
Q

What plays a key role in mineralization of dentine matrix (like odontoblasts)?

A

Matrix vacuoles (Ca2+ and PO4-)

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18
Q

What else does dentine contain?

A

Type I collagen and GAG’s

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19
Q

How is dentine arranged?

A

In dentine tubules

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20
Q

What are dentine tubules?

A

Hollow, parallel tubes radiating from pulp cavity

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21
Q

What do dentine tubules contain?

A

Long, rod-like cytoplasmic process of odontoblasts (aka Tome’s fibers)

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22
Q

What does the central pulp cavity contain?

A

Support structures - sensory nerves and blood vessels

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23
Q

What is dentine innervated by?

A

Myelinated nerves

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24
Q

Describe dental pulps origin

A

Mesodermal in origin

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25
Q

What does dental pulp resemble?

A

Primitive mesenchyme

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26
Q

What does dental pulp contain?

A

Sellate fibroblasts, reticular fibers, collagen, and ground substance

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27
Q

What is dental pulp supplied by?

A

Capillaries from arterioles running with periodontal ligament

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28
Q

What is the tooth root covered by?

A

Cementum

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29
Q

What is cementum manufactured by?

A

cementoblasts

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30
Q

What do cementoblasts mature into?

A

Cementocytes

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31
Q

What do cementocytes that lie against the surface of the periodontal ligament produce?

A

New cementum by appositional growth

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32
Q

What is similar to osteoblasts/cytes structurally and functionally?

A

Cementocytes

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33
Q

What is the region of the tooth between root and crown?

A

Neck of tooth

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34
Q

What is the neck of tooth protected by?

A

Masticatory oral mucosa called gingiva

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35
Q

What does the gingiva cover?

A

Upper portion of alveolar ridge

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36
Q

What is gingiva sometimes divided into/

A

Attached gingiba

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37
Q

What does attached gingiva cover?

A

Upper alveolar bone and free gingiva (forms cuff ~ neck of tooth)

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38
Q

What is the spave between free gingiva and crown called?

A

Gingival sulcus or crevice

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39
Q

What is the gingiva lined by?

A

Cervicular epithelium

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40
Q

What is crevicular epithelium easily breached by?

A

Bacteria -> periodontal disease, gingivitis

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41
Q

What is tissue that surround and support tooth referred to as?

A

Periodontium

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42
Q

What is included in periodontium?

A

Epithelium, cementum, peridontal ligament, and alveolar bone

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43
Q

How is cementum layer anchored to bone of alveolus?

A

With gibers of periodontal ligament or membrane

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44
Q

What is periodontal ligament composed of?

A

Dense, collagenous fibers, called Sharpey’s fibers

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45
Q

How do Sharpey’s fibers run?

A

At oblique angle, support tooth in socket

46
Q

What do Sharpey’s fibers allow?

A

Slight movement of tooth during mastication

47
Q

What are clusters of epithelial cells within periodontal ligament?

A

Vestigial epithelial rests (of Malassez)

48
Q

Where is tooth formed in relation to epithelial cells?

A

Between opposing layers of epithelial cells
ameloblasts of enamel organ &
odontoblasts of dental papilla

49
Q

What is the ectodermal origin?

A

Enamel

50
Q

What are mesodermal origin?

A

Dentine, cementum, pulp, and periodontal ligament

51
Q

When does odontogenesis occur?

A

6th week of fetal development

52
Q

What does the epitheloium look like during the early bell stage of odontogenesis?

A

Horseshoe-shaped epithelial ridge arises from oral epithelium

53
Q

What does the horeshoe epithelial form?

A

Dental lamina in position of future jaws

54
Q

In each quadrant, what does lamina develop

A

Several globular, ectodermal swellings (one for each diciduous tooth)

55
Q

What does the superficial half of the cap stage form?

A

Enamel organs

56
Q

What does the deep half of the cap stage form?

A

Dental papilla

57
Q

What are cells involved in the early bell stage?

A

loosely arranged stellate cells and peripheral alyer of cuboidal/low columnar eoithelium

58
Q

Where do the cells of the early bell shape meet?

A

Cervical loop

59
Q

What does the internal enamel epithelium differentiate into?

A

Layer of amelobalsts and 2-3 cells (think stratum intermedium)

60
Q

What does mesenchyme condense to form?

A

Dental papillae

61
Q

What develops at the junction with ameloblasts?

A

Row of odontoblasts

62
Q

What does permanent teeth arise from?

A

Side-growth of dental lamina

63
Q

What is the initial shape of enamel?

A

Cup shaped (Cap stage)

64
Q

What becomes stellate reticulum?

A

Cells of enamel organ differentiate with extracellular matrix of GAG’s

65
Q

What does the outer part of the bell-shaped structure become?

A

External enamel epithelium

66
Q

What do cells lining the concave surface of enamel organ form?

A

Internal enamel epithelium

67
Q

What does internal enamel epithelium differentiate into?

A

Tall, columnar ameloblasts

68
Q

What is enamel formation?

A

Amelogenesis

69
Q

What are deep developing enamel organs?

A

Primitive mesenchyme

70
Q

What does primitive mesenchyme develop into?

A

Dental papilla

71
Q

Cells lining convex surface of dental papilla develop into?

A

Odontoblasts

72
Q

What is dentine formation?

A

Dentinogenesis

73
Q

What occurs to two cell layers in apposition?

A

Tooth forms between

74
Q

What do the two cell layers form together?

A

Future incisors, canine and molars of primary dentition

75
Q

What does development of ameloblasts induce?

A

Differentiation of odontoblasts

76
Q

What does calcification of dentine induce?

A

Deposition of enamel

77
Q

What is tooth formation initiated by?

A

Deposition of organic pre-dentine by odontoblasts on surface of dental papilla

78
Q

What is pre-dentine layer calcified into?

A

Dentine

79
Q

What does calcification of dentine matrix secondarily induce?

A

Enamel production by ameloblasats

80
Q

What do odontoblasts have embedded into dentine matrix and what do they form?

A

Odontoblast processes; dentine tubules

81
Q

What is enamel formed by?

A

Mineralized columns of enamel rods

82
Q

What are enamel rods separated by?

A

Less mineralized inter prismatic material

83
Q

What occurs to dental lamina?

A

Fragments and atrophies

84
Q

What happens at the time of tooth eruption?

A

Enamel organ and ameloblasts degenerate

85
Q

What happens to overlying mucosa as tooth erupts?

A

Separates as tooth erupts, exposing crown

86
Q

What happens to the dental papilla as tooth erupts?

A

Shrinks, becomes dental pulp, surrounded by dentine

87
Q

What is papillae enclosed by and become?

A

Dentine; pulp cavity

88
Q

What is a proliferation of epithelial cells located at the cervical loop of the enamel organ?

A

Hertwig’s root sheath

89
Q

What does hertwig’s root sheath initiate?

A

Formation of dentine in the root by causing the differentiation of odontoblasts from the dental papilla

90
Q

When does the root sheath disintegrate?

A

With the periodontal ligament

91
Q

What do residual pieces that do not completely disappear seen as?

A

Epithelial cell rests

92
Q

What occurs after tooth formation if compelte?

A

Small amounts of secondary dentine continue to be produced

93
Q

What is the outer rim of enamel organ known as?

A

Epithelial sheath of hertwig

94
Q

What does the surrounding mesenchyme form?

A

Dental follicle -> periodontal ligament

95
Q

What do enamel organs of permanent teeth develop as?

A

Buds from dental lamina and deciduous enamel organ

96
Q

What does the dental lamina proliferate in the case of molars?

A

Caudally to form enamel organs of secondary dentition

97
Q

When does tooth eruption occur?

A

6-30 months after birth

98
Q

How many deciduous teeth?

A

20 - 2I, 1C, 2M/quadrant

99
Q

How many roots in I and C?

A

1

100
Q

How many roots in P?

A

2

101
Q

How many roots in M?

A

2-4

102
Q

What occurs between ages of 6-12?

A

Deciduous teeth replaced by permanent

103
Q

What causes yellow discoloration of teeth?

A

Tetracycline administered during development of permanent dentition

104
Q

What is orthodontia accomplished by?

A

osteoblast & osteoclast activity in alveolus

105
Q

When do dental caries result?

A

When weak acids in food and drink erode calcified enamel, augmented by bacterial action

106
Q

What does fluoride do to enamel?

A

Harden and kill bacteria

107
Q

Where can caries extend into?

A

Dentine or pulp cavity, produce abscesses or death of tooth

108
Q

What is caused by
accumulation of calcified food & bacterial debris (plaque) in gingival sulcus?

A

Periodontal disease

109
Q

What does periodontal disease cause?

A

widening of gingival sulcus, possible inflammation & destruction of periodontal ligament

110
Q

What is inflammation of gums?

A

Gingivitis

111
Q

What is inflammation of periodontal ligament?

A

Periodontitis

D1 Fall Histology (20 decks)

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