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D1 Fall Histology > 11/13: Stomach > Flashcards

11/13: Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, Fundus, body, pylorus

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2
Q

What is cardia surrounded by?

A

Lower esophagus sphincter smooth Mm

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3
Q

What does the cardia contain?

A

Predominantly mucus-secreting glands

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4
Q

What is the fundus?

A

Glandular portion of the stomach

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5
Q

What does the fundus secrete?

A

Acid, pepsin, and some mucus

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6
Q

The is the largest part of the stomach?

A

Body

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7
Q

Where is food mixed and starts to break down?

A

Body - contains acid and enzyme secreting glands

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8
Q

What does the pylorus or pyloric antrum contain?

A

Primarily mucus and gastrin secreting glands

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9
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter control?

A

Outflow from stomach into duodenum - smooth mm

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10
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Distensible organ used for food storage

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11
Q

What occurs to food in the stomach?

A

Undergoes mechanical breakdown via muscular activity & chemical breakdown via gastric secretions to form chyme

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12
Q

In addition to inner circular & outer longitudinal Mm layers of stomach, there is…

A

An inner oblique layer in the msucularis externa

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13
Q

Describe the absorption in the stomach?

A

Little absorption, except for water, alcohol, and some drugs (aspirin)

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14
Q

What are the stomach lining folds?

A

Rugae

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15
Q

What is the stomach lined by?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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16
Q

What is contains in the glandular body of the stomach?

A

Gastric pits (=foveolae)

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17
Q

What do gastric pits form?

A

Entrance to gastric glands

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18
Q

What do gastric glands secrete?

A

2 liters watery gastric juice/day

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19
Q

What is contained in gastric gands?

A

HCl and pepsinogen (inactive precursor of pepsin, hydrolyzes protein)

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20
Q

What is pepsinogen converted to and how?

A

Pepsin; action of HCl

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21
Q

What is the mucosa protected by?

A

Thick layer of mucus

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22
Q

What cells do gastric glands contain?

A

5 different classes

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23
Q

What does gastric epithelium secrete?

A

Acid, digestive enzymes and mucus. Also contain hormone-secreting cells

24
Q

What are the secretions of the gastric epithelium?

A
  1. hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  2. proteolytic enzyme (primarily pepsin)
  3. Mucus (mainly neutral mucus)
25
Q

What are cells of the gastric epithelium?

A
  1. Acid producing parietal cells
  2. Enzyme-producing chief
    cells
  3. Mucus-secreting cells
    (surface and neck cells).
  4. Stem cells
  5. Enteroendocrine cells
26
Q

What do surface mucus cells secrete?

A

Thick, insoluble mucus &
bicarbonate ions

27
Q

Where are surface mucus cells located?

A

On surface

28
Q

What do mucus neck cells secrete?

A

soluble mucus

29
Q

Where are mucus neck cells located?

A

upper third of pit, at neck of gastric gland

30
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

31
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

Intrinsic factor which is necessary for absorption of vitamin B12

32
Q

What does pepsin break down?

A

Large protein molecules into small peptides

33
Q

What are acid secreting cells?

A

Parietal cells = oxyntic cells

34
Q

What exactly do parietal cells secrete?

A

Secrete HCl & intrinsic factor (necessary for absorption of Vit B12 from ileum)

35
Q

Where are parietal cells most numerous?

A

In middle third of gland, stain pink to purple

36
Q

What are pepsin secreting cells?

A

Chief cells, peptic cells, or zymogenic cells

37
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Inactiva pepsinogen

38
Q

Where are chief cells located?

A

Base of gland (bottom third); stain purple due to large # of ribosomes

39
Q

What is the lifespan of parietal and chief cells?

A

Long; replaced about 1 yr

40
Q

What are parietal and chief cells controlled by?

A

Autonomic nervous system and hormones from endocrine cells in pylorus

41
Q

What are cells that have a paracrine function, which control motility of GI tract?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

42
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

secrete a variety of peptide hormones in response to local factors; control GI motility, gastric secretion

43
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsin

44
Q

What do somatostatin “d” cells do?

A

Inhibits secretion of gastrin

45
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates smooth mm contraction

46
Q

What is the function of undifferentiated stem cells?

A

Continuously divide to replace lost or damaged epithelial cells
As mature, migrate up or down gland

47
Q

What is gastritis caused by?

A

Irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomitting, stress, or use of medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatories

48
Q

What is a bacteria that lives in the mucous lining
of the stomach; without treatment, the infection can lead to ulcers, and in
some people, stomach cancer?

A

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

49
Q

What is a backflow of bile into the stomach from the bile tract (that connects to the liver and gallbladder)?

A

Bile reflux

50
Q

What are ulcers associated with?

A

Chronic infection of H. pylori

51
Q

What is produced by h.pylori?

A

Urease

52
Q

What does urease do?

A

Increase gastric pH -> secondary increase in acid production

53
Q

What is treatment for h. pylori infection?

A

“triple therapy”
Long term abx and proton pump inhibitor (prevents H+ secretion)

54
Q

What are stomach ulcers?

A

Type of peptic ulcer disease

55
Q

What are peptic ulcers?

A

Any ulcers that affect both the
stomach and small
intestines

D1 Fall Histology (20 decks)

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