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D1 Fall Histology > 11/9: Upper GI > Flashcards

11/9: Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

What does the alimentary canal extend from?

A

Oral cavity to anus

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2
Q

What are the 5 phases of food breakdown?

A

Ingestion
Fragmentation
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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3
Q

What occurs in the oral cavity?

A

Ingestion

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4
Q

What is ingestion accompanied by?

A

Fragmentation

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5
Q

What does fragmentation result in?

A

Bolus formation

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6
Q

What completes fragmentation and initiates digestion?

A

Stomach

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7
Q

What are contractions of smooth mm called? What control are they under?

A

Peristalsis; autonomic control

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8
Q

What occurs in the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic and biliary secretions -> emulsifications of fat

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9
Q

What occurs in the jejunum and ileum?

A

Primary absorption of nutrienbts

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10
Q

What occurs in the colon?

A

Resorption of water and elimination of waste

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11
Q

What anchors the tongue to the floor of he mouth?

A

Lingual frenulum

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12
Q

What is a short frenulum called?

A

Ankyloglossia or tongue-tied

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13
Q

What is the gastrointestinal (alimentary) tract lined by?

A

Mucus membrane

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14
Q

What is inside the mucus membrane?

A

Large #s of glands associated with tract, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and itsetinal glands; emrbyological outgrowths of GI tract

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15
Q

What are diffused lymphoid tissue?

A

MALT and GALT

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16
Q

What tissue layers make up the wall of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventita (Serosa)

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17
Q

What are the 3 overall functions of the GI tract?

A

Protection
Secretion
Absorption

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18
Q

What is the GI tract wall subdivided into?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis Mucosae

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19
Q

What surrounds the lumen of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa

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20
Q

What does the mucosa consist of?

A

Epithelial cell layer supported by CT tissue (lamina propria)

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21
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa?

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle that supports the mucosa and provides it with ability to move and fold

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22
Q

What are the 4 distinct types of mucosal variations?

A

Protective mucosa
Secretory mucosa
Absorptive mucosa
Absorptive/protective mucosa

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23
Q

What is protective mucosa characterized by?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Where is protective mucosa found?

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Anal Canal

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25
Q

What cells do secretory mucosa contain?

A

Cells that are responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes

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26
Q

Where is secretory mucosa found?

A

Stomach

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27
Q

What two structures do absorptive mucosa contain?

A

Crypts and villi

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28
Q

What is absorptive mucosa responsible for/

A

Absorbing digested nutrients

29
Q

Where is absorptive mucosa found?

A

Along the entirety of the small intestine

30
Q

What does absorptive/protective mucosa specialize in?

A

Water absorption and mucus secretion

31
Q

Where is absorptive/protective mucosa found?

A

Large intestine

32
Q

What four points does mucosa undergo abrupt transition from one form to another?

A

The gastro-esophageal junction, the gastroduodenal junction, the ileocecal junction and the anorectal junction

33
Q

Describe the lamina propria and what it contains?

A

Underlying CT; lymphoid nodules, glands, blood vessels and lymphatics

34
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosae and where it’s located?

A

Thin layer of smooth mm; boundary between mucosa and submucosa

35
Q

What does absorptive/protective mucosa specialize in?

A

Water absorption and mucous secretion

36
Q

What is the general organization of the GI tract?

A
37
Q

What is contained in the submucosa?

A

Arteries
Veins
Lymphatics
Nerves

38
Q

What surrounds the submucosa?

A

Muscularis externaa

39
Q

What is the muscularis externa composed of?

A

Two muscle layers, inner circular and outer lonitudinal

40
Q

How do the two muscle layers of muscularis externa move?

A

Perpendicularly to one another and form basis of peristalsis

41
Q

What does the adventitia/serosa consist of?

A

CT containing blood vessels, nerves, fat

42
Q

What is adventitia/serosa lined by?

A

Mesothelium

43
Q

What layer of the gut are local contractions found?

A

Segmentation -> mixing of food
Occur proximally and distally

44
Q

Which way does peristalsis propel food?

A

Distally only

45
Q

What is the layer of the gut lined by?

A

Simple squamous epithelium (= mesothelium)

46
Q

Smooth muscle of the gut is controlled by what nervous system?

A

Autonomic

47
Q

_______ stimulation is excitatory
_______ stimulation is inhibitory

A

Parasympathetic; sympathetic

48
Q

Where do parasympathetic motor Nn synapse with?

A

Ganglia near effector organ

49
Q

In the GI tract, where are ganglia located?

A

Within wall of the gut, within submucosa and muscularis externa

50
Q

What are meissner’s plexus?

A

Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within submucosa

51
Q

What are myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus?

A

Larger clusters located between inner circular & outer longitudinal Mm layers

52
Q

What is the key differene between Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexus?

A

Meissner’s plexus is in the submucosal tissue of the gut
tube
Auerbach’s plexus is between the circular muscle
layer and longitudinal muscle layers

53
Q

What is the esophagus and where does it run?

A

Hollow muscular tube; laryngopharynx to stomach

54
Q

What does the resting muscle in the circular muscle layer in the superior 3 cm of esophagus prevent?

A

Air from entering

55
Q

What does resting muscle tone at inferior end prevent?

A

Backflow from stomach

56
Q

What is the esophagus lined with?

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

57
Q

Where is the site of GERD/esophageal cancers?

A

Distal side of the esophagus

58
Q

In upper third, muscularis
externa composed of?

A

voluntary skeletal Mm

59
Q

What is the middle third of the esophagus composed of?

A

Skeletal mm and smooth mm

60
Q

What is the lower third of the esophagus composed of?

A

Smooth mm only

61
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

Protrusion of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm

62
Q

What does the gastro-esophageal junction between the esophagus and stomach contain?

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter

63
Q

What is pyrosis?

A

(aka “heartburn”)—
due to regurgitation of
stomach acid into distal
esophagus from cardia of stomach

64
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A

Serious complication of GERD

65
Q

What does Barrett’s esophagus increase the risk of?

A

Developing esophageal adenocarcinoma

66
Q

What are esophageal cancer symptoms?

A
  • Difficulty and pain with swallowing, particularly when eating meat, bread, or raw vegetables
  • Pressure or burning in the chest.
  • Indigestion or heartburn.
  • Vomiting.
  • Frequent choking on food.
  • Unexplained weight loss.
  • Coughing or hoarseness.
  • Pain behind the breastbone or in the throat.
67
Q

What are esophageal cancer risks?

A

Smoking and poorly controlled acid reflux

68
Q

Is esophageal cancer treatable?

A

Most cases, but rarely curable

D1 Fall Histology (20 decks)

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