Chapter Eight

Question 1

Families

Answer 1

Parent-child relationship begins to change in this stage of life. Less time is spent together, children gain more autonomy, and control is shifting

Question 2

Co-regulation (middle to late childhood)

Answer 2

Parents begin to slowly transfer more power and independence to the child, reinforcing a secure attachment

Question 3

Peers

Answer 3

Peers are partners who negotiate, compromise, share, and defend themselves as equals

Question 4

Bullying

Answer 4

Repeated, systematic attacks intended to harm those who are unable or unlikely to defend themselves

Question 5

The types of bullying

Answer 5

1. Physical (hitting, shoving, etc)
2. Verbal (teasing, name calling, etc)
3. Relational (destroying peer acceptance)
4. Cyberbullying (using electronic means to harm others)

Question 6

Typical goal of bullying

Answer 6

To gain power

Question 7

Long term effects of bullying on the bullies

Answer 7

Former bullies are at a much higher risk of dying young, going to jail, and having destructive marriages

Question 8

Long term effects of bullying on the victims

Answer 8

Former bullying victims are at a much higher risk of becoming depressed, suicidal, socially rejected, and have declining mental health

Question 9

Concept of self (middle to late childhood)

Answer 9

A self consciousness starts to form, comparing ones self to the peers around, specifically in regards to physical appearance, material possessions, and abilities

Question 10

Social comparison

Answer 10

We begin to critically examine ourselves in relation to others social standing, physical appearance, and material items

Question 11

Perspective taking

Answer 11

Assuming the perspectives of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings

Question 12

Middle to late childhood peers

Answer 12

Children tend to choose quantity over quality, and mostly same sex friend groups. This is when they usually begin to have socialization without adult supervision

Question 13

Cause of bullying- Nature

Answer 13

Genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality (diminished frontal lobe)

Question 14

Cause of bullying- Nurture

Answer 14

Stressful home life

Question 15

When does bullying become associated with the Bystander Effect?

Answer 15

Around age 11, children begin to watch bullying happen out of fear for themselves instead of standing up for the bullied person

Question 16

What role do adults play on the Bystander Effect?

Answer 16

Young bullies are often corrected by the nearest adult, but as children are supervised less and less, adults are not around to correct said aggressive behavior