Cattle Lameness and Foot Trimming Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 infectious diseases that cause lameness?

A
  1. heel warts
  2. foot rot
  3. heel erosion
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2
Q

What are the 6 non-infectious causes of lameness?

A
  1. interdigital hyperplasia
  2. sole/toe ulcer
  3. white line disease
  4. thin soles
  5. cork screw claw
  6. wall cracks and fissures
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3
Q

what is the leading cause of lameness in dairy cattle in the US?

A

digital dermatitis

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4
Q

If there is continuous cycling between M2, M4, and M2 digital dermatitis lesions, then what is most likely the management issue?

A

foot baths – perhaps the chemical type/concentration needs to be changed, frequency at which they go into it, or the cleanliness of it (how many cows go through before they decide to clean it)

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5
Q

what are the top 3 areas where changes can be made to control digital dermatitis?

A
  1. management
  2. hygiene
  3. nutrition
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6
Q

T/F: digital dermatitis is more difficult to control in beef cattle because they are not up every day

A

true

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7
Q

________ is a heritable misalignment of the 2nd and 3rd phalanges that is also influenced by nutrition. This condition is characterized by the overgrowth of the claw with abaxial and axial curvature of the wall and rotation of the toe.

A

corkscrew claw

this condition can cause secondary lesions to occur (white line disease, sole ulcers, etc.)

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8
Q

What claws are typically affected with corkscreaw claw in the hindlimbs versus the front limb?

A

hindlimbs – lateral claw

forelimbs – medial claw

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9
Q

How do you perform corrective trimming for corkscrew claw?

A

Reduce the toe length of the corkscrew claw to the length of the opposite claw.

Remove the upward deviation of the dorsal hoof wall of the corkscrew claw and align it with the dorsal hoof wall of the opposite claw.

Balance the sole of the corkscrew claw to the opposite claw.

Remove the fold in the axial wall and slope out/dish out the axial wall.

Increase the weight bearing surface of the corkscrew claw if enough sole horn thickness remains.

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10
Q

what are 3 common sequelae to corkscrew claw?

A
  1. white line disease at the abaxial wall
  2. Rusterholz ulcer at the heel
  3. digital sepsis if extension of the ulcer of abscess

place a block of the opposite claw if WLD or ulcers are present.

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11
Q

how do you prevent sequelae to corkscrew claw?

A

Trim the claws every 6 months - 1 year

cull the animal – they should not be bred because this trait is heritable.

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12
Q

T/F: the dirtier environment a cow is in, the higher the risk for infection and subsequent lameness

A

true

we can monitor this using hygiene scores –
1 = little/no manure above coronary band
2 = minor splashing above coronary band
3 = distinct plaques of manure above the coronary band, but leg hair visible
4 = solid plaque of manure extending high up the leg

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13
Q

How can forces on the feet contribute to lameness?

How can we alter this to reduce lameness?

A

The more a cow stands, the more likely she is to become lame.

We can ensure that the cow has low forces on the feet (plenty of time to lay down, mats to soften footing, etc.)

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14
Q

T/F: early detection and early treatment are considered success factors for lameness

A

true

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15
Q

T/F: good horn quality and shape contribute to reduction of lameness

A

true
this is affected by time standing, nutrition, flooring, and frequency of trimming.

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16
Q

What 4-5 nutrients have DIRECT roles in growing and maintaining claw, skin, and leg health?

A
  1. zinc and biotin – hoof keratin formation
  2. Manganese – joint structure and bone density
  3. copper – synthesis/maintenance of ligaments, tendons, bone, and cartilage
  4. selenium – antioxidant, immunity, protects cell membrane
17
Q

What 5 lesions should be the most important to record when visiting a farm?

A
  1. white line disease
  2. sole ulcers
  3. digital dermatitis
  4. foot rot
  5. upper leg lameness
18
Q

What are the 6 uses of lameness scoring?

A
  1. detection and severity of lameness
  2. estimate lost profits in herd
  3. compare incidence and severity of lameness between herds
  4. monitor prevalence of lameness in a herd
  5. benchmarks established to determine whether established prevention measures are effective or not
  6. identify cows needing functional claw trimming.
19
Q

Match the locomotion score (1-5) with the correct description below:
___ stands and walks with arched back. short strides
___ constant arched back. great difficulty moving
___ stands and walks normally with flat back. long confident strides
___ arched back with standing and walking. favors certain legs
___ stands with flat back, arches when walks. alightly abnormal gait

A

3 – (moderality lame) stands and walks with arched back. short strides
5 – (severely lame) constant arched back. great difficulty moving
1 – (normal) stands and walks normally with flat back. long confident strides
4 – (lame) arched back with standing and walking. favors certain legs
2 – (mildly lame) stands with flat back, arches when walks. alightly abnormal gait

20
Q

What is the goal (%) of LS1 and LS2 in a herd?

A

75-85%

and it would be most ideal to have only 15-25% with clinical lameness.

21
Q

_________ is key to management of lameness.

A

foot trimming

it costs $13-15 per cow.

22
Q

What can you use to develop an action plan for reducing lameness in cattle herds?

A

success factors