Endocrine system

Question 1

Communication in the endocrine system is by way of ____
Chemical messages secreted by a collection of _____

Answer 1

hormones, glands

Question 2

Hormones are grouped into three classes:

Answer 2

Steroids, Protein Hormones / Peptide Hormones, Biogenic Amines

Question 3

_______:
They are secreted by the gonads, adrenal cortex, and placenta;
Only synthesized on ______;
These hormones can be taken orally;

Answer 3

Steroids, demand

Question 4

Examples of steroids

Answer 4

estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, adrenal cortex hormones

Question 5

Examples of protein hormones / peptide hormones

Answer 5

FSH, LH, ADH, oxytocin, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone

Question 6

Examples of biogenic amines

Answer 6

thyroxine, epinephrine, prostaglandin

Question 7

_______:
these hormones are small molecules synthesized by
alteration of the structure of a specific amino acid

Answer 7

Biogenic amines

Question 8

Functions of hormone

Answer 8

Regulate growth and development
Control the function of various tissues
Support reproductive functions
Regulate metabolism
Function of Hormone
Regulate salt & water balance

Question 9

Hormone intercellular communication mechanisms is __________

Answer 9

through the bloodstream

Question 10

Most hormones are _____ into the bloodstream and circulate in very ____
concentration;
Others require a ______ like protein molecule to act as a hormone reservoir for constant level and protection from chemical breakdown

Answer 10

directly released, low,
carrier substance

Question 11

Examples of specific transport protein:

Answer 11

Cortisol binding globulin, thyroxine binding globulin, sex hormone binding globulin

Question 12

General carrier proteins bind to hormones generally:

Answer 12

Albumin, Transthyretin (Pre-albumin)

Question 13

_____ hormones action:
hormone binds onto the receptors generates an intracellular signal or
“___” which change the activity of the proteins that already exists in the cell;
second messenger was used due to insolubility in the lipid layer of plasma membrane

Answer 13

Amine and peptide, second messenger

Question 14

_____ hormones action:
hormone entry into the cell and activate the genes; cause formation of intracellular proteins to initiate specific functions

Answer 14

Steroid

Question 15

Negative feedback mechanism:

Answer 15

give response reverse a change of stimulus (slows down or
terminate the process)

Question 16

Positive feedback mechanism:

Answer 16

involves the acceleration of the
original process

Question 17

Example of negative feedback mechanism:

Answer 17

Secretion of thyroxin:
anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
→ thyroid, when stimulated by TSH, secretes thyroxin →
increase level of thyroxin will inhibit the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary

Question 18

Example of positive feedback mechanism:

Answer 18

Secretion of oxytocin:
head of baby pushes against cervix→ nerve impulse to the hypothalamus via spinal cord → release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary → oxytocin causes
contraction of uterine contractions and pushes baby towards cervix

Question 19

The hypothalamus serves as a ______ of the endocrine system that controls
the pituitary gland

Answer 19

regulator

Question 20

______:
located in a loop of the small intestine just below the stomach;
consists of both exocrine and endocrine
functions;
contains exocrine cells (______) that secrete pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine

Answer 20

Pancreas, Islets of Langerhans

Question 21

β-cells (secrete insulin and ____)

Answer 21

amylin

Question 22

α-cells in the Islets of Langerhans secretes:

Answer 22

glucagon

Question 23

β-cells in the Islets of Langerhans secretes:

Answer 23

insulin

Question 24

Function of amylin:

Answer 24

Decrease blood glucose spikes by slowing down gastric emptying

Question 25

Deficiency of insulin will lead to:

Answer 25

• Increased hepatic glucose output
• Reduce tissue uptake of glucose (Hyperglycemia and glycosuria)
• Increase lipolysis
  (Formation of ketone bodies
  Lead to Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA))