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NN Human Biology > Cardiovascular System 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of conducting or elastic arteries:

A

the aorta, common carotid,
subclavian arteries,
pulmonary trunk,
common iliac arteries

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2
Q

Atherosclerosis/ Arteriosclerosis? –
hardening of any artery due to an atheromatous plaque

A

Atherosclerosis

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3
Q

Atherosclerosis/ Arteriosclerosis? –
hardening (and loss of elasticity) of small to medium arterioles

A

Arteriosclerosis

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4
Q

_____ - fatty plaques in the arteries / a reversible accumulation of degenerative tissue in the intima of the arterial wall

A

Atheroma

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5
Q

Examples of Distributing or Muscular Arteries:

A

the brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries

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6
Q

An ____ is a diagnostic procedure that uses imaging to show how your blood flows
through your blood vessels or heart. An injected contrast material makes it easy to see where blood is moving and where blockages are.

A

angiogram

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7
Q

____ - a weak point in an artery or the heart wall forms a thin-walled, bulging sac

◦ pulsates with each beat of the heart, →
eventually rupture
◦ blood accumulates between the tunics of an
artery

degeneration of the tunica media

A

Aneurysm

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8
Q

Smaller slits in capillaries of _____ muscle
Larger slits in capillaries of _____ muscle

A

smaller: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
larger: endocrine glands, the kidneys, and
the lining of the small intestine

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9
Q

Three types of capillaries:

______- narrow intercellular clefts (but in brain, lack intercellular clefts )

______- allow rapid passage of small molecules (rapid absorption or filtration) (important in the kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestine, and choroid plexuses of the brain)

_____ - irregular blood-filled spaces
Even proteins and blood cells can pass
◦ liver
◦ albumin, clotting factors, and other proteins
◦ bone marrow and lymphatic organs
◦ newly formed blood cells

A

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid

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10
Q

Veins are most abundant in the ________

A

medium veins of the limbs

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11
Q

The valve cusps absent in veins of the ____ and ____ body cavities

A

thoracic, abdominal

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12
Q

______ compensate for low venous pressure

A

Skeletal Muscle Pump

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13
Q

The smallest type of veins is called ______.

A

venules

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14
Q

Examples of medium veins:

A

the radial and ulnar veins,
great saphenous veins

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15
Q

Examples of large veins:

A

the vena cava, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins and renal veins

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16
Q

____ - veins are tortuous and dilated, incompetent (leaky) valves,
blood pools in the lower limbs,
elevated venous pressure

A

Varicose veins

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17
Q

A negative pressure exerted by the heart as its chambers contract/ relax?

A

relax

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18
Q

In ___, ____, or dehydration, the BP will be lowered.

A

shock, burns

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19
Q

Three important sources of peripheral resistance:

A

Vessel radius
Blood viscosity
Vessel length (not much effect; considered
constant)

20
Q

The lumen of the arterioles can be altered
by the action of _____

A

vasomotion

21
Q

polycythemia=?

A

excessive numbers of red blood cells

22
Q

anemia=?

A

a deficiency of erythrocytes

23
Q

hypoproteinemia=?

A

a decrease in (albumin and globulin)

24
Q

Vasomotor center located in the _____

A

medulla

25
Q

Constant blood flow to the brain: ~___ml/min

A

700-750

26
Q

Baroreflexes located in the _____ and _____.

A

carotid sinus, aortic arch

27
Q

Chemoreflexes are receptors that detect changes in blood levels of _______;
located in the _____ and ______.

A

carbon dioxide, H+, and oxygen,

carotid body, aortic bodies

28
Q

At rest, total blood flow through
the muscular system is about ___ L/min.

During exercise, blood flow through the
muscles can increase more than ___-fold during strenuous exercise

A

1, 20

29
Q

Oxygen deprivation in brain may cause: ____
an MAP < 60 mm Hg → ____
an MAP > 160 mm Hg →

A

loss of consciousness, syncope, cerebral edema

30
Q

The two most prominent chemoreceptors:

A

the carotid bodies
the aortic bodies

31
Q

The carotid bodies located close by the baroreceptors in the ______

A

carotid sinuses

32
Q

The aortic bodies located close by the baroreceptors in the ______

A

aortic arch

33
Q

Hormones help regulate blood pressure in the short term via changes in blood volume/ peripheral resistance?

A

peripheral resistance

34
Q

Hormones help regulate blood pressure in the long term via changes in blood volume/ peripheral resistance?

A

blood volume

35
Q

Angiotensin II’s functions:

A

◦ a potent vasoconstrictor
◦ raises the blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance
◦ stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
◦ stimulates the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

36
Q

_______:
* “salt-retaining hormone”
* promotes Na+
retention by the kidneys
* water follows sodium osmotically
* Na+
retention promotes water retention
* supporting blood pressure

A

Aldosterone

37
Q

_____:
* a generalized vasodilator effect → lower blood pressure
* secreted by the heart
* antagonize aldosterone
* increase Na+ excretion by the kidneys
* reducing blood volume and pressure

A

Natriuretic peptides

38
Q

______:
* Vasopressin
* a vasoconstrictor
* promotes water retention
* ⇧ blood pressure

A

Antidiuretic hormone

39
Q

_____ pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium.

A

Four (two from each lung)

40
Q

The head and neck (including the brain) receive blood from four pairs of arteries:

A

◦ common carotid arteries
◦ vertebral arteries
◦ thyrocervical trunks
◦ costocervical trunks

41
Q

cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) connects ___________

A

the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery systems

42
Q

right and left subclavian arteries
→ ______ arteries
→ ______ artery in the cranial cavity
→ _______________ (connects with internal carotid artery systems)

A

vertebral, basilar, cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)

43
Q

_____
* short vessels
* arising from the subclavians lateral to the
vertebral arteries
* branch to the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and pharynx
* to muscles in the neck, shoulder, and back

A

Thyrocervical trunks

44
Q

_______:
* arise from the subclavian arteries
* supply the deep neck muscles and some of the intercostal muscles of the superior rib cage

A

Costocervical trunks

45
Q

A site for venipuncture:

A

median cubital vein

NN Human Biology (11 decks)

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