Immunity in the Newborn

Question 1

What part of immune system develops first?

Answer 1

thymus

Question 2

What develops after thymus?

Answer 2

bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs

Question 3

What are intestinal microflora?

Answer 3

commensal microbes that interact with epithelial immune cells to promote functional development of the immune system

Question 4

What kinds of immunity is found in newborns?

Answer 4

innate and adaptive

Question 5

What is innate immunity like in newborns?

Answer 5

• newborns have antimicrobial molecules
• deficient in complement proteins

Question 6

What is adaptive immunity like in newborns?

Answer 6

• responses are antibody skewed
• require maternal assistance

Question 7

How do newborns require maternal assistance?

Answer 7

passive transfer of antibodies through colostrum

Question 8

What is prenatal passive transfer dependent on? (non chickens)

Answer 8

placental structure

Question 9

What prenatal passive transfer occurs for humans through placenta?

Answer 9

transfer of IgG

Question 10

What prenatal passive transfer occurs for dogs and cats through placenta?

Answer 10

transfer of some IgG

Question 11

What prenatal passive transfer occurs for ruminants, horses, and pigs through placenta?

Answer 11

prevention of IgG transfer

Question 12

What do chickens recieve maternal antibodies from?

Answer 12

yolk

Question 13

What antibody do chickens receive from yolk?

Answer 13

IgY (IgG) and IgM

Question 14

How do animals get postnatal passive transfer?

Answer 14

colostrum

Question 15

What is colostrum rich in?

Answer 15

• IgG and IgA
• cytokines
• lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages

Question 16

Where does the IgG and IgA in colostrum derive from?

Answer 16

bloodstream

Question 17

What percentage of colostrum is IgG?

Answer 17

65-90%

Question 18

What cytokines are in colostrum?

Answer 18

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-beta

Question 19

How is colostrum absorbed?

Answer 19

• immediately after birth, protease activity in digestive tract is low and epithelium is more permeable to proteins
• antibodies get absorbed and enter lymph and blood streamW

Question 20

What does colostrum have that helps with absorption?

Answer 20

protease inhibitors

Question 21

For max absorption, when should colostrum get to animal?

Answer 21

within 0-6 hours of birth

Question 22

What animals are selective for absortion?

Answer 22

pigs, dogs, and cats

Question 23

What animals are not selective for absorption?

Answer 23

ruminants

Question 24

How are pigs, dogs, and cats selevtive for absorption?

Answer 24

selectively absorb IgG while IgA stays along epithelium

Question 25

What is immunity like in the young?

Answer 25

• local IgA responses appear early on
• maternal antibodies inhibit systematic B lymphocyte responses
• maternal antibodies will bind to pathogens and neutralize them before they are able to stimulate the animal’s own immune system

Question 27

When will the animal develop its own immunity to pathogens?

Answer 27

when maternal antibodies are no longer present

Question 28

When can animals be given vaccination?

Answer 28

need to take into account how long maternal antibodies persisit