MODULE 2 GENITOURINARY Flashcards
What is the 2 step process by which the nephron functions?
Filtration: Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, allowing water and small molecules to pass into the renal tubules.
Reabsorption: The filtered substances are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, and waste products continue through the tubules to form urine.
What effects will the following have on the GFR?
- Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
- Dilation of afferent arteriole
- Vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole
Vasoconstriction of Afferent Arteriole: Decreases blood flow to the glomerulus, reducing the GFR.
Dilation of Afferent Arteriole: Increases blood flow to the glomerulus, potentially increasing the GFR.
Vasoconstriction of Efferent Arteriole: Increases glomerular pressure and may increase GFR.
What do the following characteristics of urine suggest?
- Cloudy
- Dark
- Malodourous
- Haematuria
- Protein
- Bacteria & puss
Cloudy: Presence of pus or bacteria.
Dark: May indicate dehydration or the presence of certain pigments or blood.
Malodorous: Bacterial infection or metabolic disorders.
Haematuria: Blood in the urine, indicating damage to the urinary tract.
Protein: Indicates potential kidney damage.
Bacteria & Pus: Suggests urinary tract infection.
Provide 2 examples of causes for pre-renal, intra-renal and post-renal failure.
Pre-renal: Dehydration, heart failure, severe blood loss.
Intra-renal: Glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis.
Post-renal: Kidney stones, urinary tract obstruction.
Describe the clinical present of the following conditions.
- Urinary retention
- Renal colic
- Cystitis
- Pyelonephritis
Urinary Retention: Inability to empty the bladder fully, causing discomfort and distension.
Renal Colic: Severe pain due to the passage of a kidney stone through the ureter.
Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder, causing urinary frequency, urgency, and pain.
Pyelonephritis: Infection of the kidney, presenting with fever, flank pain, and urinary symptoms.
What kidney function (GFR) percentage is associated to each stage of function/damage stages 1 – 5.
Stage 1: GFR ≥ 90%
Stage 2: GFR 60-89%
Stage 3: GFR 30-59%
Stage 4: GFR 15-29%
Stage 5: GFR < 15% (End-Stage Renal Disease)
Which part of the kidney contains the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons?
Renal medulla
What is the two step process by which urine is formed?
Filtration and absorption
What are the three factors that control arteriolar contraction and the glomerular filtration rate?
Autoregulation: local adjustment in diameter of arterioles made in response to changes in blood flow.
Sympathetic nervous system: Increases vasoconstriction in both arterioles
Renin: Secreted by juxtaglomerular calls when blood flow to afferent arteriole is reduced / renin angiotensin mechanism.
How would you differentiate cystitis from pyelonephritis?
Fever and flank pain are present in pyelonephritis
What are the 3 types of renal failure?
Pre-renal, intra-renal, post-renal
What type of renal failure can occur as a result of severe haemorrhage?
Pre-renal
