MODULE 9 INFECTIOUS DISEASE & CANCER PART 2 Flashcards
Describe the transmission cycle of malaria, and where is the disease most prevalent?
Transmission Cycle: Malaria is transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites (Plasmodium species) multiply in the mosquito’s gut and are then injected into humans during subsequent bites.
Prevalence: Malaria is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America.
If diagnosed in the 1st trimester of pregnancy 9/10 cases of Rubella result in severe abnormalities. Describe the common birth defects associated with Rubella?
Deafness, cataracts, heart defects, brain disorders, mental retardation, bone alterations, liver and spleen damage.
What is the name of the childhood disorder that causes skin eruption that is maculopapular for few hours and vesicular for 3 to 4 days, leaving a granular scar?
Chickenpox (Varicella).
Describe the clinical presentation of a patient suffering from Bordetella Pertussis infection. What is the cause of these symptoms?
(Pertussis/Whooping Cough):
Symptoms: Persistent cough with a “whooping” sound, paroxysms of coughing, post-cough vomiting.
Cause: Bordetella pertussis bacteria.
What are the serious potential complications of mumps and what is it’s prevalence in Australia?
Complications: Orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), meningitis, deafness.
Prevalence in Australia: Mumps is relatively uncommon due to vaccination programs.
What is the aetiology of the following STIs; Chlamydia, syphilis, herpes, gonorrhoea?
Chlamydia: Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
Syphilis: Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.
Herpes: Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Gonorrhea: Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
There are four ways to catch an STI what are they?
Sexual contact: Unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
Vertical transmission: From mother to baby during childbirth.
Blood-to-blood contact: Sharing needles or blood transfusions.
Skin-to-skin contact: Close skin-to-skin contact with an infected area
Describe the characters of both benign and malignant tumours.
Benign Tumours: Typically slow-growing, well-defined boundaries, unlikely to invade surrounding tissues, usually not cancerous.
Malignant Tumours: Often fast-growing, invasive, can spread to nearby tissues (cancerous), and may metastasize to distant sites.
What is the name given to an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should?
Tumour
Describe the tern tumour angiogenesis.
Formation of new blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to a growing tumour.
Describe the common local and systemic effects of the tumour growth and cancer progression.
Local Effects: Compression of nearby structures, invasion into adjacent tissues.
Systemic Effects: Weight loss, fatigue, anemia, immunosuppression.
What is the difference between cancer invasion and cancer metastasis?
Invasion: Local spread of cancer cells into nearby tissues.
Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells to distant organs or tissues.
Briefly describe the following modes of cancer treatment; Chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, cryoablation.
Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.
Radiation Therapy: Uses high doses of radiation to destroy or damage cancer cells.
Immunotherapy: Enhances the body’s immune system to target and destroy cancer cells.
Cryoablation: Destroys cancer cells by freezing them.
