Chapter 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference between Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity:

A

Hypersensitivity: Exaggerated immune response to a harmless antigen, leading to tissue damage.
Autoimmunity: Immune response against self-antigens, where the immune system targets its own tissues.

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2
Q

Is the immune system functioning normally during hypersensitivity?

A

Hypersensitivity: Yes, the immune system is functioning normally, but the response is exaggerated.

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3
Q

Is the immune system functioning normally during autoimmunity sensitivity?

A

Autoimmunity: No, the immune system is not functioning normally; it is targeting self-antigens.

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4
Q

What are the details of four types of hypersensitivity?

A

Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity, mediated by IgE. Examples include hay fever, asthma, and anaphylaxis.
Type II: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity, involving antibodies targeting cells. Examples include blood transfusion reactions.
Type III: Immune complex hypersensitivity, where immune complexes cause tissue damage. Example: Serum sickness.
Type IV: Delayed hypersensitivity, mediated by T cells. Examples include contact dermatitis and transplant rejection.

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5
Q

What types of hypersensitivity requires B cell activity?

A

Hypersensitivity Requiring B Cell Activity:

Types I, II, and III hypersensitivity involve B cell activity.

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6
Q

How does the body normally respond to an injected antigen during a type I
hypersensitivity?

A

IgE antibodies bind to mast cells, leading to degranulation and the release of histamine. This causes rapid allergic reactions. Blood vessel dilation which leads to decreased blood pressure.

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7
Q

What were some examples of type II hypersensitivity given in class?

A

Blood transfusion reactions (ABO incompatibility), hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh factor), and drug-induced reactions.

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8
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity can be linked specifically to IgG?

A

Type II hypersensitivity is commonly linked to IgG antibodies.

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9
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is dependent only on T cell activation?

A

Type IV hypersensitivity (Delayed hypersensitivity) is dependent only on T cell activation.

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10
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity has the shortest wait time for the onset of a reaction after
exposure?

A

Type I hypersensitivity has the shortest wait time for the onset of a reaction after exposure.

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11
Q

What are the four classes of autoimmunities and what are examples of each?

A
  1. Type I: Cytotoxic reaction where antibodies bind to self antigens and cause cell death (Autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
  2. Type II: Cytotoxic reaction where antibodies bind to self antigens but DO NOT kill cell, changes cell function (Graves Disease)
  3. Type III: Immune complex reactions (Systemic lupus)
  4. Type IV: Cell-mediated reactions (Insulin-dependent diabetes)
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12
Q

How are TH17 CD 4+ T cells related to the autoimmunities?

A

TH17 CD4+ T cells are associated with autoimmune diseases, contributing to excessive inflammation.

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13
Q

What are a few of the suspected causes of hypersensitivity and autoimmunity?

A

Genetic predisposition, molecular mimicry, failure of negative selection, and environmental factors.

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14
Q

How does the hygiene hypothesis connect with hypersensitivities and autoimmunities?

A

Reduced exposure to infections and microbes (as a kid) may lead to an increased risk of hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.

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15
Q

Is the immune system functioning normally during immunodeficiency?

A

No, the immune system is compromised and not functioning properly.

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16
Q

What are the two most common immunodeficiencies?

A

Selective IgA deficiency and Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia.

17
Q

What does the abbreviation SCID stand for?How does SCID affect the immune system? Is SCID a serious condition?

A

SCID: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.
SCID results in the complete loss of B cells and T cells, severely affecting the immune system. It is a serious condition.

18
Q

What are the structural characteristics of HIV?

A

Enveloped retrovirus with glycoprotein spikes, containing two pieces of ssRNA genome and reverse transcriptase.

19
Q

Which type of HIV is common in North America, for the United States and Mexico?

A

Clade B is the most common type of HIV in North America.

20
Q

What allows HIV to change over the course of an infection?

A

N/A

21
Q

What are the human host cell receptor and coreceptors that allow HIV to infect?

A

CD4 is the host cell receptor, and coreceptors include CCR5 or CXCR4.

22
Q

Which specific immune cell types are infected by HIV?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4+ T cells are infected by HIV.

23
Q

How is the life cycle of HIV distinct from other viral families?

A

HIV has gp120 attachment spike so that it can latch onto normal cells. UNSURE OF THIS ANSWER.

24
Q

Which body organ becomes infested with large amounts of HIV?

A

Lymph nodes become a chronic reservoir for HIV.

25
Q

How is HIV most likely to be transmitted?

A

Transfer of contaminated body fluids through intercourse, blood transfusions, and needle sharing.

26
Q

What are the names and descriptions of each phase of HIV infection?

A

Phase I: Asymptomatic Phase. Then start to develop flu-like symptoms
Phase II: Symptomatic Phase. Begin to show immune system failure.
Phase III: AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). CD4 count is less than 200 per uL (microleter).

27
Q

How does T cell number relate to disease progression? What is the normal value, before disease starts to affect the body?

A

T cell number decreases as disease progresses. A normal value is around 1,000 to 800 CD4+ T cells/uL before disease affects the body.

28
Q

What does the abbreviation ARS stand for? During which phase of HIV infection would ARS occur?

A

ARS: Acute Retroviral Syndrome.
ARS occurs during the early phases (phase1) of HIV infection, presenting flu-like symptoms.

29
Q

What is a noticeable indicator that HIV infection has progressed to phase 2?

A

Increased frequency of opportunistic infections and early signs of immune system failure.

30
Q

What does the abbreviation HAART stand for? Why is treatment with HAART a
challenge in developing countries?

A

HAART: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
Treatment with HAART is a challenge in developing countries due to cost, accessibility, and healthcare infrastructure limitations.

31
Q

Which state has the most new HIV infections?

A

Texas has the most new HIV infections.

32
Q

Which state contains the greatest number of people living with HIV infections?

A

New York has the greatest number of people living with HIV infections.

33
Q

In the US, who is most at risk for becoming infected with HIV?

A

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are most at risk for HIV infection.

34
Q

Globally, who is most at risk for becoming infected with HIV?

A

N/A

35
Q

Be able to explain the difference between a person that is HIV positive and a person
who has AIDS

A

HIV positive indicates the presence of the virus, while AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV infection with severe immune system damage.

36
Q

Be able to explain how and why HIV, if untreated, can lead to immunodeficiency (AIDS).

A

Untreated HIV leads to the progressive destruction of CD4+ T cells, compromising the immune system and resulting in immunodeficiency (AIDS).