Chapter 24 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the causative agent of typical pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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2
Q

What allows the bacterial pathogen to cause scarlet fever?

A

Erythrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized Streptococcus pyogenes

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3
Q

What is the causative agent of walking pneumonia? Why is this type of pneumonia called ‘walking’?

A
  • The causative agent of walking pneumonia is Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
  • It is called “walking” pneumonia because the symptoms are milder, allowing infected individuals to continue with their daily activities.
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4
Q

What genus of bacteria commonly causes middle ear infections? What is the scientific term for this disorder?

A

Middle ear infections are commonly caused by bacteria such as:
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Haemophilus influenzae (non-encapsulated)
3. Moraxella catarrhalis
* The scientific term for this disorder is Otitis Media

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5
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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6
Q

What are tubercles?

A

Tubercles are isolated, walled-off structures formed in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. They contain the bacteria and can heal and become calcified, but they may break down, releasing bacteria into the lungs and other systems.

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7
Q

What disease is caused by Bordetella pertussis?

A

Pertussis aka Whooping cough

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8
Q

What three groups of viruses most commonly cause colds?

A
  1. Rhinovirus
  2. Coronavirus
  3. Enterovirus
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9
Q

What are the primary characteristics caused by a cold?

A

Common cold symptoms include:
Sneezing, nasal secretion, congestion, laryngitis, and otitis media. It is typically not accompanied by fever.

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10
Q

What are the principal symptoms and signs of flu?

A

Influenza (flu) symptoms include chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches.

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11
Q

Which type of influenza is the most severe? (Influenza A or B?)

A

Influenza A

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12
Q

What is the genome of influenza?

A

Influenza virus has a segmented RNA genome.

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13
Q

What are some of the reservoirs of influenza?

A

Reservoirs of influenza include humans, birds, pigs, and marine mammals.

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14
Q

What is the function of hemagglutinin?

A

Hemagglutinin (HA) spikes in the influenza virus recognize and attach to host cells.

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15
Q

What is the function of neuraminidase?

A

Neuraminidase (NA) spikes in the influenza virus help the virus separate from the infected cell.

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16
Q

What is the name of the process that produces minor variations to influenza?

A

Antigenic drift produces minor variations in influenza. Allows virus to evade some host immunities.

17
Q

How is antigenic shift accomplished?

A

Antigenic shift involves the reassortment of the eight RNA segments of influenza and leads to major changes, allowing the virus to evade most immunity.

18
Q

What is the reason for tracking and making a new influenza vaccine each year?

A

Influenza vaccines need to be updated annually because of the antigenic variability of the virus, especially due to antigenic drift and shift.

19
Q

What does the abbreviation RSV stand for?

A

RSV stands for Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

20
Q

What are signs and symptoms of RSV?

A

RSV infection causes coughing and wheezing for more than a week, especially in infants. In older adults, it can lead to life-threatening pneumonia.

21
Q

Which particular group (or groups) of people is most commonly affected by RSV?

A

RSV commonly affects infants and older adults, causing severe respiratory disease.

22
Q

What virus causes COVID-19?

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

23
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of COVID-19?

A

Symptoms of COVID-19 include flu-like symptoms, cough, fever, and shortness of breath.
* In severe cases, it can lead to bilateral pneumonia and the need for ventilator support.

24
Q

What therapies have been FDA (emergency use) approved to treat COVID?

A

Monoclonal antibody treatment
* Sotrovimab
Antiviral medication
* Remdisivir (IV)
Oral antivirals: Paxlovid and molnupiravir

25
Q

What 2 vaccines are in circulation in the US to help reduce severity or prevent COVID?

A
  1. Viral vector vaccines = Johnson & Johnson
  2. mRNA vaccine = Pfizer and Moderna