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Biology 15 - General Microbiology > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four bacteria that commonly cause meningitis?

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  2. Neisseria meningitidis
  3. Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib)
  4. Listeria monocytogenes
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2
Q

What are some of the characteristics that these different pathogens have in common?

A

Capsule formation for protection
Ability to invade the central nervous system (CNS)
Release of cell wall fragments
Association with meningitis and potential neurological damage

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3
Q

Which type of meningitis is more common in college-aged students?

A

Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal meningitis)

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4
Q

Which meningitis bacterial type can be transferred from mother to fetus?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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5
Q

What is a critical symptom of meningitis?

A

Symptoms include:

  • A bloody and cloudy cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • High white blood cell count
  • Inflammation of the meninges
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6
Q

How do viral and bacterial meningitis compare?

A
  • Viral meningitis is more common and tends to be milder than bacterial meningitis.
  • Bacterial meningitis is often more severe and can be life-threatening.
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7
Q

Is botulism caused by the organism itself or a released toxin?

A

Botulism is caused by the released toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum.

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8
Q

What type of paralysis is caused by botulism?

A

Flaccid paralysis

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9
Q

What is the connection with babies, honey, and botulism?

A

Infants under 1 year old should not be given honey, as it may contain spores of Clostridium botulinum, which can lead to botulism in infants.

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10
Q

What are some major misconceptions of leprosy?

A
  • That it’s highly contagious (it is not)
  • That it causes body parts to fall off (it does not)
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11
Q

What is the alternate term for leprosy?

A

Hansen’s disease

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12
Q

Where does leprosy grow in the human body?

A

Leprosy grows in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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13
Q

How do immune responses contribute to the pathogenesis of leprosy?

A

The cell-mediated immune response can lead to nerve damage in leprosy.

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14
Q

Is tetanus caused by the organism itself or a released toxin?

A

Tetanus is caused by the released toxin produced by Clostridium tetani.

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15
Q

What toxin is released from Clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanospasmin

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16
Q

How does the toxin (tetanospasmin) affect a person?

A

Tetanospasmin blocks the relaxation pathway, causing muscle spasms, lockjaw, and opisthotonos.

17
Q

How is polio commonly transmitted to a new host?

A

Poliovirus is commonly transmitted through contaminated water, often ingested.

18
Q

How do most infections with polio affect the host?

A

Most infections with poliovirus are asymptomatic or exhibit mild symptoms. Fewer than 1% result in paralysis.

19
Q

What is the chance that infection with poliovirus will result in paralysis?

A

Less than 1%

20
Q

Which body structure is completely paralyzed by a severe polio infection?

A

Lungs

21
Q

What is the only disease studied in this chapter that is susceptible to vaccination after the initial exposure?

A

Polio can be prevented by vaccination even after the initial exposure.

22
Q

What is hydrophobia?

A

Hydrophobia is a symptom of rabies, where the sight or thought of water triggers spasms due to difficulty swallowing.

23
Q

How is dumb rabies distinct from classical rabies?

A
  • Furious (classic) rabies
    1. Biting behavior
    2. When paralysis occurs- flow of saliva increases
    3. Fatal in a few days
  • Paralytic (dumb or numb) rabies
    1. Minimal excitability
    2. Common in cats- quiet, unaware of surroundings
    3. Often misdiagnosed in humans as Guillain-Barre Syndrome (form of paralysis)
24
Q

What general type of animal is more likely to show dumb rabies?

A

Cats are more likely to show dumb rabies.

25
Q

What is the vector for arboviral encephalitis?

A

Mosquitoes

26
Q

How can Zika virus spread person to person?

A

Zika virus can be sexually transmitted, during pregnancy and delivery, and through blood transfusions.

27
Q

When is Zika the most severe?

A

Zika is most severe when transmitted during pregnancy, potentially leading to microcephaly in infants.

28
Q

What is the etiology of cryptococcosis?

A

Crytpococcosis is caused by a fungus that grows in the CNS

29
Q

How is Cryptococcus neoformans transmitted?

A

Transmission occurs through inhalation of dried, contaminated droppings.

30
Q

Where is Cryptococcus neoformans commonly found?

A

Found in areas with bird droppings, particularly in pigeon droppings.

Biology 15 - General Microbiology (29 decks)

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