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anat 261 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is nervous tissue composed of

A

100 billion neurons and trillions of glial support cells

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2
Q

what does classification of nervous tissue depend on

A

differ in types of cells

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3
Q

describe nervous tissue classification anatomically

A

cns = brain, cerebellum, spinal cord = gray and white matter, can distinguish between
pns = nerve ganglia, nerve fibers

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4
Q

describe nervous tissue classification histologically

A

nerons - nerve cells
neuroglia - glial cells equivalent to the ct = involved in support, neuron protection, defense and nutrition

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5
Q

what is difference between CNS gray matter and white matter

A

gray = cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia
white = neuronal cell processes (axons), neuroglia

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6
Q

what is neuron

A

functional unit of nervous system

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7
Q

what does neuron consist of

A

dendrites
cell body
axons

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8
Q

describe dendrites

A

Receives signals
neurons synapse with each other and other things

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9
Q

describe cell body

A

integrates incoming signals from dendrites and outgoing signals to axons
soma, perikaryon
organelles and nucleus

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10
Q

describe axons

A

transmits signals to another neuron or effector cell

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11
Q

what is present in grey matter cns and ganglia pns

A

dendrites and cell bodies

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12
Q

what is present in white matter cns and nerve fiber pns

A

axon

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13
Q

what are the dots

A

nissl bodies

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14
Q

how to tell axon from dendrite

A

dendrites still have nissl bodies
axon hillock has no nissl bodies at begining of axon

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15
Q

do all nerons look the same

A

neurons have complex moprhology
perikaryons can be spherical, ovoid or angular
can have more than 2 processes = multipolar
not all neurons are typical and many have multiple polarities

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16
Q

name and describe types of neurons

A

pyramidal - brain cortex
purkinje - cerebellum
motor neurons - spinal cord
pseudounipolar - spinal ganglia, bifurcates- opens in 2, arborizes, branches
bipolar = retinal, olfactory, mucosa, originates from same cell body then goes in 2 opposite directions

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17
Q

name parts of cns

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
spinal cord

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18
Q

what does cns show when sectionned

A

regions of white or grey matter when sectioned

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19
Q

what does gray matter have

A

neuronal cell bodies and neuroglial cells

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20
Q

what does white matter have

A

axons and neuroglial cells
appears white due to presence of myeline around myelinated axons

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21
Q

where is cerebrum

A

upper portion of brain

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22
Q

what is function of cerebrum

A

integration of sensory information (from peripheral nervous system= sensory modalities = olfactory,touch, language,learning,nearing
initiation of voluntary motor Responses - motor cortex

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23
Q

describe histology of cerebrum

A

white matter appears lighter
gray matter appears darker, more homogenous

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24
Q

describe white matter of cerebrum

A

both longitudinal and cross section
broken up appearance
where myelin used to be - white spaces, does not preserve well

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25
Q

describe gray matter of cerebrum generally

A

can trace where axons are
entirely different
no myeline since no axons
cell bodies and nucleus
smaller = neuroglial cells in white and gray mater = support cells, maintains, supports and protects tissue

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26
Q

describe gray matter of cerebrum specifically

A

6 layers in cerebral cortex
pyramidal neurons are most prominent - pyramidal shaped, arranged in paralel with another, larger than glial cells, see bulky cell bodies

27
Q

where is cerebellum found

A

part of hindbrain

28
Q

describe function of cerebellum

A

integration of sensory information (from PNS) Fine tunes voluntary motor Responses = integrate and refine info for complex movement

29
Q

describe damage or lesions to cerebellum

A

can still do voluntary movement but harder and worse
less fine tined, poor balance, posture, harder to learn fine movements

30
Q

describe histology of cerebellum

A

cerebellar cortex - gray matter has 3 layers =
molecular
purkinje
granular

31
Q

describe molecular layer of cerebellum

A

sparse neurons

32
Q

describe purkinje layer of cerebellum

A

very large neruons
dendrites project into molecular layer
axons project into granular layer

33
Q

describe granular layer of cerebellum

A

very small densely packed neurons
axons are unmyelinated = project into molecular layer where they synapse with dendrites of purkinje cells

34
Q

what is function of spinal cord

A

relay messages from brain to body
pass sensory info from sensory receptors to brain
coordinate reflexes that are managed by spinal cord alone - like patellar/knee jerk reflex

35
Q

describe white and gray matter of spinal cord

A

white = white spaces, cord bundles, relatively all circular - can say its cross section
gray matter = have cell bodies

36
Q

name parts of pns

A

somatic
autonomic

37
Q

describe somatic system

A

sensory nerve fibers that send sensory info to CNS afferents - Receives
processes & integrates ·motor fibers that project from CNS to skeletal muscle (efferent)- away through spinal cord through motor nerve fibers

38
Q

describe autonomic system

A

controls smooth muscle of internal organs and glands
involuntary

39
Q

what is pns - which cells

A

ganglia - grouping of cell bodies
nerve fibers - bundles axons, H&E staining

40
Q

where are cell bodies located of pns and cns

A

sensory and autonomic neurons have cell bodies in ganglia
neuron cell bodies of motor neurons are located in spinal cord

41
Q

what forms myelin

A

oligodendrocytes in cns
schwann cells in pns

42
Q

what is myelin like

A

lipoprotein

43
Q

are all axons myelinated

A

NOOO

44
Q

what is function of myelin

A

electrical insulation
faster conduction of nerve impulse

45
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between myeline sheath that promote transmission of ap

46
Q

when is axonal conduction faster

A

axonal conduction of nerve impulse is faster in myelinated axons and even faster in axons with thicker myelin sheath

47
Q

describe myelination in cns

A

oligodendrocytes in cns white matter produce myelin sheath
several axons myelinated by one individual oligodendrocytes
= wraps around and around - concentric layers of myelin = myelin sheath

48
Q

what is myeline sheath

A

several layers of modified cell membrane containing lipoprotein called myelin

49
Q

what is myelin composed of

A

phospholipids
sphingolipids
proteins = myeline basic protein, MP2 etc

50
Q

what does autoimmune response against myeline result in

A

demyelination
MS
landry guillain barre etc

51
Q

describe myelination in PNS

A

schwann cells produce myelin sheath
one axon is myelinated by one shcwann cell

52
Q

where does axon begin and end

A

beings at axon hillock
ends in terminal arborizations and end bulbs called terimal boutons which are apart of synapses

53
Q

what does terminal bouton depend on

A

depends on goal of info

54
Q

what can synapses form between

A

axon and dendrite
axon and cell body
axon and axon

55
Q

synapses can be….

A

excitatory or inhibitory

56
Q

what are neuroglia

A

Multiple different cell types with different roles, supports neurons in different ways
neuroglial cells provide support, protection and nutrition to neurons

57
Q

name 3 kinds of neuroglia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

58
Q

describe astrocytes - what

A

largest neuroglial cells
found in white matter of cns
has pedicles or vascular feet

59
Q

describe oligodendrocytes - what

A

found in gray and white matter of cns

60
Q

describe microglia - what

A

scattered throughout cns
smallest neuroglial cells
darkly stained
derive monocytes

61
Q

describe astrocytes - function

A

form and maintain blood brain barrier
removes ions and neurotransmitter remnants like GABA and glutamate

62
Q

describe oligodendrocytes - function

A

satellite cells around neurons in CNS are oligodendrocytes
in white matter = produce myelin
Specialized function = support neuron , make synapse quicker and faster and insulate conduction of nerve

63
Q

describe microglia - function

A

function as phagocytes clearing debris of damaged structured in cns

64
Q

what are processes

A

axons and dendrites

anat 261 (27 decks)

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