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Psychology 3/4 > chap 2- Nervous System > Flashcards

chap 2- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nervous systems function

A

to communicate stimuli from the body and the outside world to the brain and then communicate commands for movements and other responses to the body.

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2
Q

What are the branches of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

what makes up the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the central nervous system for

A

Where the information can travel

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5
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system broken down into

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

What is the somatic nervous system also known as

A

skeletal nervous system

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7
Q

What is the somatic nervous system for

A

links body to CNS by carrying sensory info towards the brain and motor/movement info back to the body. For voluntary movement

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8
Q

What are afferent neurons for

A

Sensory information

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9
Q

What are efferent neurons for

A

motor movement information

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10
Q

Is the somatic nervous system for voluntary movement

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system for

A

The bodies internal environment and helps regulate basic life functions.

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12
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous system broken up into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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13
Q

What is sympathetic for

A

controls arousal, fight/flight response, fires us up, releases adrenaline, heart and breathing up.

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14
Q

What is parasympathetic for

A

calms back down, keeps at stable level, digestion, resting etc.

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15
Q

What is the autonomic branch connected to

A

internal organs

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16
Q

is the autonomic branch consciously controlled

A

No

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17
Q

What is the enteric nervous system for

A

controls activity of the digestive syste,

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18
Q

What are conscious responses controlled by

A

the brain

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19
Q

are conscious responses voluntary

A

Yes

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20
Q

Why do conscious responses occur

A

As a result of communication between brain and somatic nervous system.

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21
Q

Are unconscious responses important

A

Yes they are essential for survival.

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22
Q

What are unconscious responses known as

A

reflex actions

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23
Q

How do unconscious responses occur

A

automatically by somatic nervous system and the spinal cord. occur independently from the brain

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24
Q

What does the monosynaptic reflex arc involve

A

only one synapse where an affecter neuron brings a sensation from receptors in the body and effecter neuron carries motor messages to muscles of the body

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25
Q

What does the polysynaptic reflex arc involve

A

interneurons connecting the affecter and effecter neurons and therefore at least 2 synapses.

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26
Q

What is the spinal reflex also known as

A

A reflex arc

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27
Q

What is an example of the spinal reflex

A

withdrawal reflex

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28
Q

What is the spinal reflex and where does it occur

A

the simplest stimulus response that occurs in the spinal cord.

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29
Q

What is the soma

A

The cell body that determines whether neuron will be activated and thus transmit message to other neurons

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30
Q

What is a dendrite

A

short thin widely branching nerve fibre that is specialized to detect and receive neural info.

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31
Q

What is an axon

A

an extension that transmits messages from the soma to other cells in the body including other neurons, muscles, organs and glands.

32
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

a white fatty substance that coats the axon and helps to speed up transmissions.

33
Q

What are the axon terminals

A

branches at the end of each axon

34
Q

What is the terminal button / synaptic knob

A

small knob like swelling at the tip of each axon terminal

35
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals stored in the synaptic knob that assist in he transmission of neural info from one neuron to another

36
Q

What is the synapse

A

the gap between neurons

37
Q

What is the lock/key in the lock and key process

A

lock- receptors
key- neurotransmitters

38
Q

what do excitatory synapses do

A

cause the post synaptic neuron to fire up

39
Q

what do inhibitory synapses do

A

reduce or stop the likelihood of post synaptic neurons firing up

40
Q

What are antagonists

A

substances that share a similar molecular structure to neurotransmitters

41
Q

What do antagonists do

A

Inhibit neurotransmitters and their effects

42
Q

why are antagonists inhibiters

A

they act as the key that fits with the receptor sites so the neurotransmitters cant

43
Q

Are antagonists inhibiters

A

Yes

44
Q

What are agonists

A

substances that act as a key to the lock so it mimics the action of the neurotransmitter

45
Q

what do agonists do

A

produce an excitatory effect

46
Q

What is glutamate

A

A neurotransmitter

47
Q

What does glutamate do

A

excite neurons in the brain and the rest of the nervous system. speeds up neural transmission

48
Q

Why is glutamate important

A

for learning and memory

49
Q

What does GABA do

A

have an inhibitory effect on the brain

50
Q

Why is GABA important

A

regulating anxiety and stress

51
Q

What are neuromodulators

A

a subclass of neurotransmitters that alter the strength of neural transmission by increasing/decreasing the responsiveness of neurons to neurotransmitter signals

52
Q

What is dopamine involved in

A

many nervous system functions. eg mood, pleasure, attention, mood, cognition and motivation

53
Q

What affect does dopamine have

A

both excitary and inhibitary

54
Q

What are dopamine and seratonin examples of

A

neuromodulators

55
Q

is serotonin an inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Yes, however it also acts as a neuromodulator

56
Q

what does serotonin modulate

A

mood, perception, reward, anger, aggression, appetite, memory, sexuality and attention

57
Q

What has impairment to the serotonin pathway been linked to

A

depression, anxiety disorders or Parkinson’s disease

58
Q

What is the biological explanation of memory and learning

A

new memories are not stored in individual synapses but in the pattern of thousands of new interrelated connections

59
Q

How many nerve cells are babies born with

A

100 billion

60
Q

At birth how many nerve cells synapse with other neurons

A

2500

61
Q

When is the most rapid development of synapse formation, and how many should there be

A

the first 2 years of life. there should be 15000

62
Q

Why do synapse formations decrease to 8000 at adulthood

A

unused connections are destroyed

63
Q

what is synaptogenesis

A

formation of new neural connections

64
Q

what is synaptic pruning

A

removal of synaptic connections that are no longer needed

65
Q

what is neural plasticity

A

the brain reorganizes the way neurons in different regions operate in response to experience or a deficit

66
Q

what can cause neural plasticity

A

birth or brain damage

67
Q

how can neural plasticity occur

A

synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, rerouting and sprouting

68
Q

what is rerouting

A

neurons near damaged area seek new active connections with healthy neurons

69
Q

what is sprouting

A

new dendrites grow

70
Q

What is LTP

A

the more frequently activated a neural connection is the more easily activated it becomes

71
Q

What does LTP stand for

A

Long term potentiation

72
Q

What are the three ways synapse strength can improve

A
  1. increased release of neurotransmitter
  2. increased number of receptor sites
  3. growth of new synapses
73
Q

What is LTD

A

the less frequently activated a neural connection is the less easily activated it becomes. weakens the synaptic connection over time

74
Q

What does LTD stand for

A

Long term depression

75
Q

What may LTD play an important role in

A

forgetting
OR
pruning unused connections and enabling he brain to work more efficiently

Psychology 3/4 (22 decks)

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