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Psychology 3/4 > chap 5- the psychobiological process of memory > Flashcards

chap 5- the psychobiological process of memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is encoding

A

converting info into a useable form

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2
Q

what is storage

A

retaining info in memory

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3
Q

what is retrieval

A

info recovered from memory when needed

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4
Q

what is sensory memory

A

the entry area of memory where all stimuli from our senses are retained in their original form for a very brief time in memory sub-systems called sensory registers

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5
Q

duration of sensory memory

A

very brief

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6
Q

capacity of sensory memory

A

unlimited

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7
Q

what is iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory. although brief it is long enough for the identification of the stimulus to begin

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8
Q

duration of iconic memory

A

about 0.3 seconds

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9
Q

what is echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory

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10
Q

duration of echoic memory

A

stores for 3-4 seconds

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11
Q

example of echoic memory

A

when you say “what” but then answer the question before it is repeated

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12
Q

what does STM stand for

A

Short term memory

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13
Q

what is short term memory

A

a memory system that helps store info while you work on it

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14
Q

another name for STM

A

working memory

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15
Q

duration of STM

A

18-20 seconds (max 30 seconds)

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16
Q

capacity of STM

A

5-9 bits of info with an average of 7.

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17
Q

how is info in the STM lost

A

through decay (fading) or displacement (pushed out )

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18
Q

what does chunking do?

A

helps to increase capacity of STM

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19
Q

what is chunking

A

the grouping of bits of info into larger bits or units that can be remembered as single units. it expands STM

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20
Q

example of chunking

A

chunking telephone numbers from the ten individual bits to 3 bits: 0405 879 345

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21
Q

how can you increase the duration of STM

A

rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative)

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22
Q

what is rehearsal

A

the process of doing something so that info can be retained in memory and then retrieved when required.
Can be verbal, non-verbal, mental imagery etc

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23
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal

A

involves simple, role repetition of info being remembered can be retained (in STM)
Going over and over it.

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24
Q

what is important in maintenance rehearsal

A

it needs to be attended to consciously, not just meaningless repetition.

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25
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal

A

involves the process of linking new info in a meaningful way with info already stored in. Long-term memory. More active and more effective. ensures that info is encoded well. includes self-referencing whereas new info is made personal and meaningful to you

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26
Q

what types of long term memory are there

A

implicit and explicit

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27
Q

what are implicit memories

A

(procedural)- memory of how to do something. actions and skills; can be physical or intellectual (knowing how), learned by conditioning and practice.

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28
Q

what are the types of explicit memories

A

declarative, episodice, semantic

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29
Q

what are declarative explicit memories

A

memory of specific facts/ events (knowing that)

30
Q

what are episodic explicit memories

A

memory of life events, autobiographical (episodes)

31
Q

what are semantic explicit memories

A

info we have about the word. areas of expertise, academic knowledge, important places, meaning of words, famous people or events etc. facts that don’t rely on specific time or place.

32
Q

duration of LTM

A

potentially forever

33
Q

capacity of LTM

A

potentially unlimited

34
Q

what does LTM stand for

A

Long term Memory

35
Q

what is the serial position effect

A

recall tends to be best for items at the end and the beginning and worst for those in the middle

36
Q

what is the primary effect

A

superior recall for items at the beginning of a list

37
Q

what is the recency effect

A

superior recall for items at the end of a list.

38
Q

explanation of the serial position effect

A

items at the end are still in STM, so remembered well, items at start have been transferred to LTM. middle is too late to be in STM and to early to be in LTM without rehearsal

39
Q

what brain regions encode, store and retrieve explicit memories

A

hippocampus, amygdala and neocortec\x

40
Q

where is the hippocampus located

A

deep in the temporal lobe in the allocortex

41
Q

what involvement does the hippocampus have with retrieval of episodic memories

A

it has two-way communication with the neocortex. binds and consolidates episodic memories in the neocortex

42
Q

what involvement does the amygdala have with memory

A

it processes emotional info. implicit emotional info is integrated with explicit memories by communicating with the hippocampus

43
Q

where is the amygdala located

A

in the front of the hippocampus

44
Q

what is the neocortex

A

outermost surface area of the cerebral cortex

45
Q

how is the neocortex involved in memory

A

coordinates attention, thought & language during the encoding of memories (prefrontal cortex)
Processes sensory info during perception & action, stores semantic & episodic memories.
also stores semantic knowledge that as been generalized from episodic memories in semantic hubs
allows for imagining perceptual features of words and concepts

46
Q

what are the basal ganglia and cerebellum involved in

A

encoding, storing, retrieving implicit memories.
these regions function independently of the hippocampus

47
Q

how is the basal ganglia involved in memory

A

coordinates smooth performance of sequence of actions involved in procedural memory

48
Q

what does loss of dopamine producing cells cause

A

problems with initiating movement and inhibiting unwanted movement, such as the motor symptoms seen in Parkinson’s Disease

49
Q

how is the cerebellum involved in memory

A

coordinates fine motor movements and balance when performing skilled actions. also plays a role in procedural memory of cognitive skills such as reading

50
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

in the hindbrain

51
Q

What does ABM stand for

A

Autobiographical memory

52
Q

What is the ABM

A

the part of explicit memory that stores knowledge of personally experienced events and self knowledge

53
Q

What does ABM include

A

episodic and semantic

54
Q

what is episodic autobiographical memory

A

EAM- the first person experiental component

55
Q

what is semantic autobiographical memory

A

SAM. self knowledge component. SAM provides an organizing scaffold or structure for EAM’s

56
Q

What is mental imagery

A

perception-like experiences in the absence of relevant sensory input.
People who generate vivid mental imagery of objects, people and scenes also experience more vivid first-person EAM during ABM retrieval

57
Q

What is aphantasia

A

the lifelong absence of voluntary mental imagery.
people with aphantasia also report having severely deficient ABM and are unable to imagine themselves in the future.

58
Q

what is alzheimers disease

A

a progressive an fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes symptoms of dementia, especially explicit memory loss.

59
Q

were does alzheimers usually begin

A

with damage to the hippocampus, which affects the binding and consolidation of explicit memories.

60
Q

what are the first symptoms of alzheimers

A

anterograde amnesia for episodic-autobiographical memories and semantic knowledge
early symptoms also include difficulty with episodic future thinking and generating voluntary mental imagery

61
Q

what do people usually experience as alzheimers progresses

A

retrograde amnesia

62
Q

advantages of maintenance rehearsal

A

allows info to be stored in STM for longer than the usual 18-20 seconds
good for remembering meaningless info

63
Q

disadvantages of maintenance rehearsal

A

easily interuppted by info entering STM from sensory memory of LTM
doesnt add to understanding
restricts entry of new info into STM
limited effectiveness in transferring info from STM to LTM

64
Q

advantages of elaborative rehearsal

A

increases understanding because it requires deep processing
adds more detail, which increases retrieval chances
increases the possibility of long-term retention because it organizes new info according to meaning
makes info more accessible because it creates more potential retrieval cues

65
Q

limitations of elaborative rehearsal

A

takes longer than maintenance rehearsal
is difficult to practice in situation where info entering STM is rapidly changing
relies on the ability to retrieve info previously stored in LTM
requires more conscious effort than maintenance rehearsal

66
Q

what are mnemonic devices

A

methods or strategies for improving the encoding, storage and retrieval of explicit long-term memories

67
Q

what types of mnemonics are there

A

acrostics, acronyms, method of loci

68
Q

what are acrostics

A

word association for items to be remembered, construct phrases using first letters of words to be remembered

69
Q

what are acronyms

A

pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a sequence of words

70
Q

what is the method of loci

A

uses sequences of locations on a familiar route as cues for memory,
when memorising the info, the items of info to be remembered are placed at landmarks along a well-known route so that when retrieving the info, you mentally ‘walk’ or travel the route and ‘pick up’ the info at each landmark you pass.

71
Q

definition of songlines

A

navigational route through country thats connected to a song, story or dance that shares vital knowledge.

Psychology 3/4 (22 decks)

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