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psychology 3/4 > chap 3- stress > Flashcards

chap 3- stress Flashcards

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1
Q

what is stress

A

the automatic psychological and physiological arousal a person experienced in response to challenges

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2
Q

what does psychobiological process mean

A

will respond to stressors psychologically and physiologically

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3
Q

what elements is stress a combination of

A

a stressor
and stress response

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4
Q

what is a stressor

A

a change in the immediate environment of an organism

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5
Q

what is stress response

A

how the organism responds to the stress in both a psychological and physiological way.

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6
Q

what are the types of stress

A

acute and chronic

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7
Q

What is acute stress

A

state of brief but intense physiological arousal in response to an immediate stressor.

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8
Q

Are there usually negative effects of acute stress

A

usually no negative effects on health and wellbeing

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9
Q

What is chronic stress

A

state of prolonged physiological arousal in response to persistent stressor

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10
Q

Are there usually negative effects of chronic stress

A

yes it negatively affects health and wellbeing

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11
Q

what is eustress

A

a positive psychological response

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12
Q

what is distress

A

a negative psychological response

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13
Q

how is stress response triggered

A

the activation of sympathetic NS, following the perception of a threat

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14
Q

What is the Fight-Flight response

A

the automatic reaction of the sympathetic NS to stress that prepares the body to confront or escape a threat

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15
Q

What is the Fight-Flight-Freeze response

A

the automatic activation of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS simultaneously, causing us to freeze.

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16
Q

What happens physiologically during the freeze response

A

heart rate decreases. blood pressure drops, heightened muscle tension, vocalizations are reduced, heightened tension and awareness.

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17
Q

What is the role of cortisol

A

release of cortisol during activation of the sympathetic NS mobilizes the body and increases arousal to respond to the stressor.

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18
Q

what does sustained levels of cortisol promote

A

the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, reduces inflammation, and repairs muscle tension.

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19
Q

why can too much cortisol be a bad thing

A

it can suppress the immune system and therefore cause health issues.

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20
Q

what is the process of cortisol

A

1- when stressor identified, hypothalamus is activated releasing CRH into bloodstream
2- CRH activates pituitary gland which releases ACTH
3- ACTH travels through blood stream to adrenal glands to trigger release of cortisol
4- cortisol promotes effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline

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21
Q

What is General Adaption syndrome

A

a model to describe the body’s typical response pattern in terms of resistance to stress over time

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22
Q

What is stage one of General adaptation syndrome, and what does it involve

A

Alarm Reaction:
initial decrease in our resistacbce to stress when threat is percieved followed by an increase to levels above normal

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23
Q

What are the two subphases of alarm reactions stage & what do they involve

A

1- Shock: resistance to stress drops below normal and body acts as though its injured.
2- countershock: resistance to stress rises above normal levels due to activation of sympathetic NS

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24
Q

What is stage two of General adaptation syndrome, and what does it involve

A

Resistance:
resistance to stress remains above normal levels if threat remains. arousal is higher than normal as body attempts to stabilize its internal systems and cope with the threat.

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25
Q

when can signs of illness occur in General adaptation syndrome

A

state 2 and stage 3

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26
Q

What is stage three of General adaptation syndrome, and what does it involve

A

exhaustion:
if original threat continues the body’s resources are drained and stress hormones depleted. compromised immune system functioning means body moves into a state of exhaustion and illness occurs.

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27
Q

what are symptoms of exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome

A

fatigue, anxiety, depression, disrupted sleeping

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28
Q

What is the role of cortisol in general adaptation syndrome

A

stage 1- release of cortisol mobilizes body &increases arousal to respond to stressor.
stage 2- sustained levels of cortisol mobilizes body & increases arousal to respond to stressor
stage 3- depleted levels of cortisol reduce ability of body to respond to further stressors

29
Q

strengths of GAS

A

-explains relationship between stress & its impact on physical/mental wellbeing
-explains physiological response to stress

30
Q

weaknesses of GAS

A

-oversimplification of physiological stress response
-individuals perception of for stress not accounted for
-low explanatory power for psychological response to stress

31
Q

what does the transactional model of stress and coping take into account

A

differences in the individuals appraisal of stressful situations and their coping skills

32
Q

what does the transactional model of stress and coping mean

A

stress involves a transaction etween the individual and the external environment. coping will demand the appraisal of the situation by the individual and their ability to cope.

33
Q

what are primary appraisals

A

judging the significance in a situation. is it irrelevant, benign-positive, stressful?

34
Q

in primary appraisals if stressful what are things perceived as?

A

harm/loss (imminent)
threat (might happen)
challenge (potential for growth)

35
Q

what are secondary appraisals

A

when we evaluate our coping options and resources (internal and external) and reappraisal.

36
Q

what is reappraisal

A

going back over an earlier stressor to determine if it warrants further attention

37
Q

what are strengths of transactional model

A

-focuses on importance of an individuals perception of stress
-high explanatory power for psychological response to stress

38
Q

what are weaknesses of transactional model

A

-low explanatory power of physiological response to stress

39
Q

What is the Gut-Brain Axis

A

the network of two-way (bidirectional) neural pathways that enable communication between bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and the brain.

40
Q

what is the vagus nerve and what is it responsible for

A

the longest nerve in the body connecting brain to intestines. is the main contributor of the parasympathetic NS. responsible for communication between the gut and brain

41
Q

what does the enteric NS (part of he GBA involve)

A

millions of neurons within the digestive tract that regulate the major functions of the gut and communicate with the CNS to regulate these functions.

42
Q

what does bidirectional mean

A

two-way pathways

43
Q

how much of the vagus nerve fibers are sensory (afferent)

A

90%

44
Q

what are the sensory nerve fibres on the vagus nerve controlling of

A

pain, movement in muscles for digestion, tension in muscles indicating fullness, chemical signals produced in the gut.

45
Q

how much of the vagus nerve fibers are efferent

A

10%

46
Q

what are the efferent nerve fibres on the vagus nerve controlling of

A

communication of info about incoming food, controlling saliva &stomach acid release, required changes in muscle movement to aid digestion

47
Q

where do microbiota live

A

in the gastrointestinal tract

48
Q

what are the gut microbiota

A

highly diverse and dynamic system of roughly 100 trillion beneficial bacteria and other micro-organisms that live in the gastrointestinal tract

49
Q

what factors is the microbiota influenced by

A

genetics, diet, metabolism, age, illness, geography, changes in diet, exposure to antibiotics and stress.

50
Q

what can disruption to a healthy balance cause

A

digestive illnesses, reduce immune functioning, and have been linked to changes in social behavior, stress, anxiety and depression.

51
Q

what disorders can negatively influence the health of gut microbiota

A

chronic stress, depression and anxiety

52
Q

are probiotics helpful to gut microbiota

A

probiotics appear to be promising in treating both disruptions to the microbiota and psychological disorders.

53
Q

what is coping

A

refers to changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to meet stressors. management of stress

54
Q

what does coping effectiveness refer to

A

the degree to which a strategy is successful in alleviating stress.

55
Q

why is considering the context important when coping

A

context influences whether or not we perceive a stimulus as stressful, the intensity of the stress experiences and which coping strategies will be selected

56
Q

what does coping-specific effectiveness refer to

A

a coping strategy being more effective when the strategy is well matched to the stressful situation

57
Q

what is coping flexibility

A

the ability to stop an ineffective coping strategy and implement an alternative or evaluate the coping process and adapt it. It is very important

58
Q

what are approach strategies

A

target the stressor and attempt to reduce the impact

59
Q

what is problem focused coping

A

aim to fix the source of the stress or reduce the stressor

60
Q

what is emotion focused coping

A

aim to change the unpleasant emotional responses to stress

61
Q

what are avoidance strategies

A

attempt to escape painful or threatening thoughts, feelings, memories or sensations associated with the stressor

62
Q

how can aerobic exercise help with stress

A

it lowers resting heart and breathing rate and causes less severe increases of these two measures in response to physical activity or stressors

63
Q

what can exercise reduce

A

anxiety, tension, anger and low mood

64
Q

what can exercise release

A

tension in muscles and endorphins

65
Q

how is meditation a coping strategy

A

it distracts a persons focus away from everyday concerns

66
Q

how is relaxation a coping strategy

A

any activity, either physical or psychological that reduces tension.

67
Q

how is social support a coping strategy

A

can provide assistance and support at the time of stress and it can protect against stressors by raising resiliance

68
Q

what is guy dysbiosis

A

when the guy na their becomes less diverse or there is no longer a healthy balance of bacteria

psychology 3/4 (22 decks)

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