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Instrument Certificate (DA 40NG) > Approaches: RNAV/RNP > Flashcards

Approaches: RNAV/RNP Flashcards

1
Q

How many Satellites are needed for RAIM to function properly?

A
  • 5 Sats
  • 4 Sats, if you have Barometric Aiding
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2
Q

How many Satellites are needed for RAIM to be able to isolate a corrupted signal?

A
  • 6 Sats
  • 5 Sats, If you have Barometric Aiding
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3
Q

Does our aircraft have DME?

A

No, we have GPS in lieu of DME

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4
Q

What restrictions are placed on our use of GPS in lieu of DME?

A
  1. GPS database must be current
  2. Must have at least Enroute RAIM capability
  3. Procedures must be established for RAIM outages (delays, cancelations)
  4. CDI must be set to terminal sensitivity (1 NM) when tracking GPS course in the terminal area.
  5. Your alternate airport, if required, must have a non-GPS approach available (Cannot require DME)
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5
Q

When should Approach Mode be ARMED when using GPS and why?

A
  • When within 30 NM of the airport
  • This is to ensure that the automatic CDI sensitivity change occurs from Enroute (+- 2 NM) to Terminal (+- 1 NM).
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6
Q

On a GPS approach, what are the following CDI sensitivity changes:
- Enroute
- Approach
- Final

A

Enroute
+- 2 NM (with RAIM, 5nm without)

Approach
+- 1 NM, within 30 NM of the airport

Final
+- 0.3 NM, when within 2 NM of the FAF

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7
Q

What happens when Approach Mode is NOT activate prior to at least 2 NM from the FAF? (3 things)

A
  1. Approach Mode will not automatically activate
  2. Sensitivity will not drop to Approach levels of +- 0.3 NM
  3. You should execute the missed approach.
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8
Q

What are the 3 Main segments of the satellite based navigation systems?

A
  1. Space segment - Satellites
  2. Control segment - Ground stations which increase accuracy
  3. User segment - GPS Receivers
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9
Q

What is the difference between PBN, RNAV, and RNP?

A
  1. PBN is the broad concept related to any kind of navigating based on performance metrics VS the old way of navigating with radio ground facilities. PBN requires its specified accuracy to be maintained 95% of the time.
    (EXAMPLES: IRS, DME-RNAV)
  2. RNAV, and RNP are under the umbrella of PBN
  3. RNAV (Area Navigation) is a system that uses GPS accurate to within specified tolerances to navigate point to point, along waypoints. An IRS/INS system is an example of this, along with Non-WAAS/RAIM GPS systems (basic GPS)
  4. RNP (Required Navigation Performance) is a special type of PBN requiring two things.
    - Guarantee accuracy 95% of the time
    - Have the capability to alert the crew if accuracy
    cannot be verified. (RAIM/WAAS)
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10
Q

What special equipment is needed to perform an LPV approach?

A

GPS equipment must have WAAS and it must be functional

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11
Q

What is the difference between RNP and RNAV?

A

The main difference is that RNAV could be any kind of approved point to point navigation system

While…

RNP requires specific equipment like WAAS and RAIM to ensure accuracy and has crew alerting capabilities

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12
Q

What is the accuracy of a WAAS enable GPS during the different IFR flight phases?

A

Departure = +- 0.3NM (full scale deflection)
Enoute (domestic) = +- 2NM (5NM without WAAS)
Terminal = +- 1NM
**Approach = +- 350ft at the FAF (for LPV, L/VNAV only, otherwise it will go to +- 0.3NM)
Missed = +- 0.3 NM

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13
Q

What enables the GPS to go down to the 350ft (700ft total width) full deflection accuracy in the approach environment?

A

WAAS.
- This enables us to perform ILS ‘like’ LPV approaches
- Without WAAS, the accuracy will not step down, and we cannot fly down to LPV mins.

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14
Q

Which type of RNAV/RNP mins require WAAS to be functional?

A

LPV & LP mins

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15
Q

When does the GPS auto switch to Departure CDI Scaling (+- 0.3NM)?

A

It switches to Departure once a DP is activated in the FMS

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16
Q

When does the GPS auto switch from Enroute CDI scaling (+-2 NM) to Terminal scaling (+- 1NM)?

A

When within 31 NM of the arrival airport

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17
Q

You see RNP AR or (RNP) in the title of an IAP, what does this mean?

A

Special RNP authorization is required for the Aircraft, Crew, and Operation.

** We are do not have any of these Authorization so we cant fly these approaches

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18
Q

What is an LPV approach?

A

Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance
- Its an APV (approach with vertical guidance)
- Mimics ILS performance with GPS
- Lowest minimums
- Requires WAAS

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19
Q

What is an LNAV/VNAV approach and what equipment is required?

A

An approach with Lateral Navigation and Vertical Navigation
- Vertical Navigation is provided by Baro-Aided VNAV
- Raim + Baro-Aiding is required

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20
Q

Does the G1000 have Baro-VNAV?

A

No, we do not

  • Therefore we cannot fly LVAV/VNAV if we lose WAAS
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21
Q

What is Baro-VNAV?

A

The FMS computer uses combines information from the following sources to compute a GS
1. Lateral guidance of the
2. Altitude derived from the Static instruments
3. Data from the IAPs in the database

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22
Q

What is an LP approach and what is needed to fly it?

A

Localizer Performance approach
- Mimics the performance of a localizer approach
- WAAS is required

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23
Q

What equipment is required to fly a LPV approach?

A

TSO-146 WAAS capable GPS

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24
Q

What equipment is required for an LP approach?

A

TSO-146 WAAS capable GPS

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25
Q

What does the fail down tree look like for RNAV/RNP approaches?

A

1.LPV
2. LNAV/VNAV (if Baro-VNAV equipped)
3. LNAV
———————————-
1. LP
2. LNAV

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26
Q

How will you know if you have lost WAAS capability in the G1000 on the approach?

A
  • The HSI GPS indications will change from a purple LPV, to a yellow LNAV.
  • IF this happens prior to the FAF, you will also get a white Alert message
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27
Q

What will happen and what should you do if you lose WAAS on an IAP before the FAF?

A

You will see..
1. The purple LPV HSI indication will change to a yellow LNAV
2. You will get a White Alert message stating the the IAP has been downgraded

You must do…
1. Use the Time/Ref button to switch to the higher minima
2. Remember to switch to NON-Precision callouts
3. Bug the new mins

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28
Q

What will happen and what should you do if you lose WAAS on an IAP after the FAF?

A

You will see..
1. The purple LPV HSI indication will change to a yellow LNAV
2. GS in the AP box will flash yellow, indicating that the AP is reverting to PITCH mode.

**It MAY be a good idea to go missed if you dont feel comfortable with the approach

29
Q

What will hitting the TOGA button do when executing a missed approach during an RNAV approach?

A

TOGA will activate the missed approach procedure.

30
Q

On an LNAV+V approach using the AP with APR mode activated, will the GS ‘capture’ your MDA?

A

NO, it will not.

*it will keep descending BELOW MDA if you do not stop it

31
Q

How will you know if the GPS CDI scaling has switched from Terminal (+-1NM) to Approach (+- 0.3 to 350ft)?

A

The purple TERM HSI indication will change to the available approach (LPV/LNAV)

32
Q

How will you know what level of GPS service you are receiving on an RNAV IAP?

A

The level of service will appear in purple on the HSI. (LPV, LNAV/VNAV, LNAV, LP, etc)

33
Q

What does it mean when there is a letter next in the title of an RNAV approach?

A

It means that there is more than 1 RNAV approach to the same RWY.

34
Q

Why wont some RNAV IAPs have an LPV available?

A

Two reasons

  1. FAA determines that based on the RNP criteria, an LPV would offer no lower min or viz requirements than a basic LNAV
  2. Obstacles will not allow for vertical guidance to be published.
35
Q

How will you need to change your instrument scan during an RNAV IAP?

A

You will need to include the following

  1. Watch the HSI for changes to your approach scaling or if your level of approach service has changed; it may indicate a WAAS failure
  2. Watch your GS indicator, if it switches from a Diamond to a left facing arrow it means you have lost WAAS
  3. Pay attention to you AP box, checking for changes as they may indicate failures.
36
Q

What would you do if you lost LPV capability and had to switch to LNAV minimums, and are now below the new (higher) required LNAV mins?

A

GO AROUND!
- This specific scenario is also most likely to happen after the FAF, and you should always go missed if you have a WAAS failure after the FAF.

37
Q

When on an LPV IAP and a WAAS failure occurs, what will happen to your GS?

A

The GS indication will be lost as the GPS defaults to LNAV service (for the G1000)

38
Q

If you have to change minimums while flying an IAP, what should you do?

A

Provided it is before the FAF, you should bug the new mins.
** If this happens after the FAF you should go missed.

39
Q

What would happen if you flew past full deflection on an RNAV IAP?

A
  1. GPS would state Cross Track error and you would need to manually get back on course
  2. Go missed if you are on an IAP
40
Q

How will you know if you have a RAIM failure or malfunction?

A

GPS LOI (loss of integrity) will be displayed as a yellow caution.

41
Q

What will happen if you lose RAIM and WAAS while using GPS or on an RNAV IAP?

A
  1. GPS LOI will appear
  2. HSI will display a yellow DR and CDI
  3. If this happens then the GPS has defaulted into Dead Reckoning mode and is using the accelerometers for guidance

*The GPS MIGHT not always fail into DR mode as it may not have enough information for the accelerometers to compute a position.

42
Q

What should you do if the G1000 displays GPS LOI while on an RNAV IAP?

A
  1. Go missed
  2. consider climbing all the way up to MSA as you cannot be sure of your position relative to obstacles or terrain
  3. Switch to ground based NAVAIDs
  4. Notify ATC
43
Q

Are you required to do a RAIM check if you have WAAS?

A

No but its good practice

44
Q

What minimum capability makes a GPS IFR capable?

A

RAIM

45
Q

With respect to RNAV approaches, what determines if the approach will use a DA or an MDA?

A
  • A DA will be listed if there is vertical guidance available
  • An MDA will be listed when there is only lateral guidance
46
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of approaches?

A
  1. Precision (ILS)
  2. APV (LP, LNAV/VNAV)
  3. Non-Precision (LP, LOC, LNAV, VOR)
47
Q

When flying an LNAV approach, you notice ‘LNAV+V’ or ‘LP+V’ pops up on your HSI. What does this mean?

A

The WAAS (TSO 145/156) equipped G1000 has added a vertical navigation function to the LNAV approach
- This Glidepath is ADVISORY ONLY, since this is not an approved APV.

48
Q

Lets say you lose your WAAS+RAIM, or your radio NAV function on an approach, what would be a good idea to do on your missed approach?

A

Fly above the missed approach altitude to at least the MSA.

49
Q

What is GPS Scaling?

A

How far off of center your CDI is in NM at full scale deflection

50
Q

What is GPS integrity monitoring?

A

RAIM

Its the ability for the GPS to determine whether or not it is receiving an accurate position signal.

51
Q

What are Temperature restrictions on an approach and why do they matter?

A
  • Cold temps cause Barometric errors resulting in your displayed altitude being higher than you ACTUALLY are. (DANE-GER-US)

Most modern baro-aided systems can compensate for cold temps by allowing you to enter the current temp into the FMS for an accurate calculation.

52
Q

How many Satellites are in view at any location/time world wide?

A

There are at least 5 satellites in view at any point worldwide. (assuming no outages)

53
Q

What is GPS Trilateration?

A
  • Trilateration is the process by which GPS satellites are able to pinpoint the location of the GPS receivers location on earth
  • Essentially, The satellites create a system of intersecting circles, the point at which the circles intersect will be the location of the receiver.

*You need at least 3 satellites to get a basic location

54
Q

How does WAAS make our GPS more accurate?

A

1.WAAS ground stations receive GPS signals and make corrections based on their known exact Long/Lat coordinates and height above sea level

  1. The Master Stations and Uplink Stations send the corrected signal back up to 3 Geostationary satellites
  2. The Geostationary satellites then send the corrected data to all WAAS equipped aircraft in the area
55
Q

How many Ground Reference Stations are part of the WAAS network?

A

38

56
Q

What is GBAS (Global) or LAAS (US)?

A

Similar to WAAS but only works in Terminal airspace
- A LAAS facility on the airport works like the Ground Station in the WAAS system.
- LAAS will increase accuracy to within 1 meter when within 20-30 NM from the airport

57
Q

If you do not have WAAS, what minimum requirement must be met for your GPS system to still be IFR capable? (assuming your GPS database is up to date)

A

You must at least have RAIM available.

58
Q

What is a TAA, commonly found on RNAV charts where you usually see the MSA?

A

AIM 5-4-5

Terminal Arrival Area

A TAA is similar to an MSA in that it provides obstacle/terrain clearance, with some distinct differences. It is considered a published portion of an IAP.

  1. TAA allows us to legally descend to the listed altitude within the listed distance, BUT, only AFTER being cleared for the approach
  2. The TAA may be broken into sectors from a fix, you will need to know which sector you are coming from to determine what altitude you can descend to.
59
Q

What does a TAA allow you to do?

A

It allows you to descend to the TAA sector altitude you fall under prior to reaching a published portion on the IAP
- BUT ONLY AFTER YOU HAVE BEEN CLEARED FOR THE APPROACH

60
Q

How can you tell the difference between a fly-over waypoint and a fly-by way point on a chart?

A

Fly-by way points will be surrounded by a black circle

61
Q

When may you descend down to the lower TAA altitude listed on an RNAV approach?

A

ONLY after you have been cleared for the approach and ATC hasn’t assigned you any other altitudes.
*Ask ATC for the lower altitude if you are confused about when you can descend to it.

62
Q

Which RNAV approaches have a MDA vs DA?

A

DA
- LPV
- LNVAV/VNAV

MDA
- LP
- VNAV

63
Q

What is the most basic type of RNAV approach, and will usually have the highest minimums?

A

LNAV

64
Q

What is required to fly an LPV approach?

A

You MUST be WAAS equipped
- Baro-Aiding or RAIM are not enough to fly LPV

65
Q

What is required to fly an LNAV/VNAV approach?

A

WAAS or a Baro-Aided GPS+RAIM
- RAIM only (basic IFR GPS) is not enough to fly LNAV/VNAV

66
Q

What is required to fly an LNAV approach?

A

At least have RAIM capability (basic IFR GPS) (TSO 129/196)

67
Q

What is required to fly an LP approach?

A

You MUST have WAAS in order to fly an LPV approach
- RAIM (basic IFR GPS) or Baro-Aiding is not enough to fly an LP approach.

68
Q

Which is less desirable on an approach, the GS diamond being too high or too low?

A

The GS diamond being too high is less desirable, this mean you are BELOW GS and may not have proper obstacle clearance

Instrument Certificate (DA 40NG) (23 decks)

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