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Instrument Certificate (DA 40NG) > Enroute, Charts, & Airspace > Flashcards

Enroute, Charts, & Airspace Flashcards

Enroute charts and enroute procedures are covered here. Similar chart information from VFR Sectional charts will not be covered.

1
Q

When does Class E airspace usually begin?

A

1,200 ft AGL

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2
Q

What airspace is above Class A?

A

Class E exists above class A (above FL600)

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3
Q

What is required to enter Class B airspace?

A
  1. An ATC clearance (only when VFR)
  2. Establish Two-Way Radio communications
  3. Mode C XPDR (altitude reporting)
  4. At least a PPL, unless authorized
  5. ADSB out
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4
Q

What is required to enter Class C airspace?

A
  1. Establish Two-Way radio communications
  2. Two way radio
  3. Mode C XPDR
  4. ADSB Out
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5
Q

What is required from ATC to enter Class C airspace?

A
  1. Establish Two-Way radio communications
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6
Q

How is Class G airspace depicted on IFR charts?

A

As a Brown shaded area

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7
Q

Which airspace is uncontrolled?

A

Class G

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8
Q

Where does Class G usually exist?

A

Below Class E airspace, under 1,200 ft AG

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9
Q

Where is the speed limit 200kts?

A
  1. Below 2,500 AGL
  2. Within 4 NM of class C and D airspace
  3. Under the shelf of a Class B airport
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10
Q

Where is the speed limit 250kts

A
  1. Below 10,000ft MSL
  2. Inside Class B airspace
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11
Q

What is a Prohibited area?

A
  1. Established for security
  2. Cannot fly through these areas
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12
Q

How is a Prohibited area depicted on an IFR chart?

A
  1. Surrounded by Blue hash marks
  2. Label will start with a ‘P’
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13
Q

What is a restricted area?

A
  1. CANNOT enter while active without approval from the controlling agency
  2. Usually for military activity
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14
Q

How is a Restricted area depicted on an IFR chart?

A
  1. Surrounded by Blue hash marks
  2. Label will start with an ‘R’
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15
Q

How is an Alert Area depicted on an IFR chart?

A
  1. Surrounded by Brown Hash marks
  2. Label will start with an ‘A’

**(Not depicted on VFR charts)

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16
Q

What is an Alert area?

A
  1. An area with a large amount unusual activity that may be hazardous to unware aircraft
  2. Usually pilot training
  3. No restrictions for entering
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17
Q

How is a Warning Area depicted on an IFR chart?

A
  1. An area surrounded by Blue Hash marks
  2. Usually only located off the coasts
  3. Will be labeled with a ‘W’
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18
Q

What is a Warning Area?

A
  1. An area usually off the coast where activity hazardous to non-participating aircraft may exist.
  2. Usually military activity over the ocean
  3. No restrictions on entering (but ill advised when active)
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19
Q

How are Military Operations Area (MOA) depicted on an IFR Chart?

A
  1. Brown Hash marks
  2. Will be labeled with “MOA”
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20
Q

What is a MOA?

A
  1. Military Operations Area established to separate military training from IFR traffic
  2. IFR traffic may be cleared through when active
  3. No specific clearance is required to enter but it is advisable for VFR traffic to avoid when active
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21
Q

What is a TFR?

A
  1. Temporary Flight Restriction
  2. Established for Public figures, sports games, or for other security reasons
  3. It is usually possible to fly in a TFR provided you have previous ATC approval

**Rules regarding each TFR may be different

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22
Q

What is the ADIZ?

A
  1. Air Defense Identification Zone
  2. Its used for the early identification of aircraft operating near the US
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23
Q

What is required to operate through the ADIZ?

A
  1. Mode C XPDR
  2. Two-Way Radio
  3. An IFR flight plan or a Defense VFR flight plan with the specific time you are expected to enter the ADIZ

**You must also leave within 5 mins of your estimated departure time

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24
Q

On an Enroute chart, how would you know if an airport has an IAP available?

A

The circular airport identifier will be BLUE or GREEN.

*The difference between blue and green airport symbols is not relevant to civil aviation

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25
Q

What does a BROWN circular airport identifier mean on an enroute chart?

A

It does NOT have an IAP available

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26
Q

How can you find airports on an enroute chart?

A

They will be Blue, Green or Brown circles

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27
Q

What does it mean if a double circle with tick marks symbol is shown on an enroute chart?

A

It is a dual purpose Military and Civil airport

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28
Q

What does it mean if you see a double circle airport symbol on an enroute chart?

A

This indicates a Military airport

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29
Q

Is class A airspace depicted on a low altitude enroute chart?

A

No, because low altitude enroute charts are for use BELOW 18,000ft MSL

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30
Q

How is Class B airspace depicted on an enroute chart?

A

Blue shaded area inside a SOLID blue outline

31
Q

How is Class C airspace depicted on an enroute chart?

A
  • Blue shaded area inside a DASHED blue outline.
  • They will also have a ‘C’ inside a box included in the airport information
32
Q

How is Class D airspace depicted on on a low altitude enroute chart?

A

There will be a ‘D’ inside a box included in the airport information

33
Q

How is Class E airspace depicted on a Low Altitude Enroute Chart?

A

All open white areas are Class E, controlled airspace.

34
Q

When Class G extends up to 14,500 FT MSL, how will it be depicted on a Low Alititude Enroute Chart?

A

Brown shaded areas. Uncontrolled

35
Q

What are the Blue lines on a Low Altitude and a High altitude Enroute chart?

A

These are RNAV (GPS) routes
- On Low charts they are called Tango routes
- On High charts they are called ‘Q’ routes

36
Q

How are Military Training Routes (MTRs) depicted on Low Altitude Enroute Charts?

A

They are Brown and labeled with VR or IR.

37
Q

What are the Black lines on an Enroute chart?

A

These are VOR airways, also known as Victor airways

38
Q

What are the dimensions of RNAV and Victor airways?

A
  • 4 NM wide from each side of the centerline, 8 NM wide in total
  • They start at 1,200ft or the beginning of Class E airspace and extend up to 17,999
39
Q

What is the IFR minimum vertical separation between aircraft?

A

Surface to FL290
- 1,000 Ft

Above FL290
- 2,000 Ft
- UNLESS: Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) is in effect, then it will go down to 1,000 Ft.

40
Q

What does it mean if you see a white or black hexagon on an enroute chart?

A

This is a VOR only station

  • If its black that means that it is a Mandatory Reporting point (if not in Radar contact)
41
Q

What does it mean if you see a white or black square on an enroute chart?

A

This is a DME only station

  • If its black that means that it is a Mandatory Reporting point (if not in Radar contact)
42
Q

What does it mean if you see a white or black square with a hexagon inside of it?

A

This is a VOR+DME station

  • If its black that means that it is a Mandatory Reporting point (if not in Radar contact)
43
Q

What does it mean if you see a white or black hexagon with black bricks on its corners on an enroute chart?

A

This is a VORTAC (VOR+DME) station

  • If its black that means that it is a Mandatory Reporting point (if not in Radar contact)
44
Q

What does it mean if you see a little black circle with a dot in the center on an enroute chart?

A

This is an FSS station, Remote Communications Outlet (RCO), or a stand-alone AWSOS/AWOS station

45
Q

What does it mean if you see an ILS feather on an enroute chart?

A

The ILS Localizer course has an additional navigation function. It is used to identify a fix.

46
Q

What does it mean if you see a white or black triangle on an enroute chart?

A

This is a Fix

  • If its black that means that it is a Mandatory Reporting point (if not in Radar contact)
47
Q

How do you tell the difference between a Navaid Fix and a GPS fix on an enroute chart?

A

Navaid Fix = Triangle

GPS Fix = Circle with points towards cardinal directions

48
Q

What do the blue squiggly lines on an enroute chart mean?

A

They denote the boundaries between ARTCC sectors
- A squiggly box will be present containing ARTCC frequency information

49
Q

What is a Change Over Point and how is it identified on an enroute chart?

A

A Change Over Point depicted on a Victor airway denotes the point at which you will need to switch VOR frequencies

They are depicted on enroute charts as lines extending out from the airway with the change over distance under them.

50
Q

How will you know when to switch between VOR frequencies if there is no Change Over Point depicted on the enroute chart?

A

You will switch frequencies at the halfway point

51
Q

How is an airway that is not usable depicted on an enroute chart?

A

It will be crossed out with grey ‘V’s.

52
Q

What does ‘Radar contact’ mean with respect to IFR flight?

A

You will not have to make any position reports unless expressly asked to.

53
Q

What should you keep in mind when you hear ‘Radar contact lost’ or ‘Radar services terminated’ with respect to IFR flight?

A

You will now need to make position reports

Remember: Marvelous VFR C500

54
Q

What kinds of information should be included in a Position Report to ATC?

A
  1. Who your talking to
  2. Who you are
  3. Position
  4. Time
  5. Altitude/FL
  6. Next reporting point and your ETA
  7. Name of the point after the next on on your route
55
Q

What acronym do we use to remember when we need to make position reports? (identify which ones need to be made in a non-radar environment)

A

MARVELOUS VFR C500

M - Missed approach
A - Airspeed +- 10kts or 5% change of filed TAS
R - Reaching the holding fix (time + altitude)
V - VFR On Top altitude changes
E - ETA change of +- 3 mins (non-radar)
L - Leaving a holding fix
O - Outer marker inbound (non-radar)
U - Unforecasted weather
S - Safety of flight issue

V - Vacating an altitude
F - Final approach fix inbound (non-radar)
R - Radio/Nav failure

C - Compulsory reporting points (non-radar)

500 - Not able to maintain 500 FPM climb or descent

56
Q

Is the DA 40 NG capable of flying in Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) airspace?

A

No, because we do not have the special equipment or training required

57
Q

How could a Non-RVSM approved aircraft transit through RVSM airspace?

A

You must be performing a continuous climb or descent through it and maintain 2,000 ft separation between aircraft at all times

58
Q

What are the IFR cruising altitudes?

A

FAR 91.179

East 360-179 = Odd thousands

West 180-359 = Even thousands

**At FL290 it switches to Odd and Even 4,000ft intervals

59
Q

What is a MEA on an enroute chart and how is it depicted?

A

Minimum Enroute Altitude

  • This is the lowest altitude along the airway that we are guaranteed BOTH Navaid reception and obstruction/terrain clearance along the ENTIRE airway or between fixes.
  • It is depicted near the airway line on the chart and is the number WITHOUT the astrix*. Usually over the name of the airway
  • The MEA will be blue for aircraft on RNAV routes or using GPS to navigate
60
Q

What is the minimum obstruction/terrain clearance altitude based on for the OROCA and MOCA?

A

1,000ft clearance in NON-Mountainous areas

2,000ft clearance in Mountainous areas

61
Q

What is a MRA on an enroute chart and how is it depicted?

A

Minimum Reception Altitude

  • Lowest altitude at which Navaid signal is guaranteed in order to identify a fix
  • It is depicted by a box with an R in it. The MRA altitude will be listed under the fix name preceded by ‘MRA’
62
Q

What is an MCA on an enroute chart and how is it depicted?

A

Minimum Crossing Altitude

  • Lowest altitude you can cross a specific fix at. Will require an altitude change if you are flying as low as the airway allows.
  • Depicted with an ‘X’ inside a box over the fix.
    -Altitudes may be direction dependent as indicated by the letters N,E, W, or S after the altitude.
63
Q

What is the MOCA on an enroute chart and how is it depicted?

A

Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude

  • Lowest altitude that guarantees ONLY obstruction/terrain clearance.
  • It will only guarantee Navaid Signal reception for 22 NM from the VOR
  • It is the altitude with the astrix* in front of it near the
64
Q

What is the OROCA on an enroute chart and how is it depicted?

A

Off-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude

  • The lowest altitude that guarantees obstruction clearance off of an airway inside of its charted Lat/Long quadrant
  • Does not guarantee navaid signal reception
  • Useful for emergency scenarios or when flying Direct To
65
Q

What is an MAA on an enroute chart?

A

Maximum Authorized Altitude

  • The highest altitude you can fly at along an airway and still receive Navaid signal reception
  • Its less common to see these
66
Q

What is an MVA?

A

Minimum Vectoring Altitude

  • Lowest altitude that ATC can vector you under radar control due to obstructions
  • Not charted
  • ATC will advise you if you need to climb to stay within MVA criteria.
67
Q

What is a Crossing restriction on a Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR)?

A

It represents the altitude required cross a fix

  • An altitude listed above a line indicates that you must be at or above that number
  • An altitude BETWEEN two lines means that you must be at that specific altitude
  • An altitude BELOW a line means that you cannot be higher than that number
68
Q

How should you complete your Descent Planning to meet the altitude restriction of a STAR?

A
  • Plan 3nm for every 1,000ft of altitude to be lost
  • Divide GS by 2 and multiply by 10 to get your FPM descent rate

*example:
GS = 100.
100/2 = 50
50 X 10 = 500 FPM

69
Q

When NOT on an established airway and using VORs to navigate during a radar outage, what changes about the fixes you used to define your route?

A

The fixes used to define your route of flight (flight plan) become Compulsory Reporting Points

70
Q

What acronym do we use to remember special use airspaces?

A

MCPRAWNT

M - MOA
C - Controlled firing area
P - Prohibited area (cannot fly through)
A - Alert area
W - Warning Area
N - National Security area
T - TFR

71
Q

What are some ways to get weather updates while enroute?

A
  1. From a FSS
  2. ATIS, AWOS, ASOS
  3. FIS-B
  4. ATC, workload permitting
72
Q

What is the Slant Range Error rule-of-thumb for non-GPS DME?

A

Slant range error will be negligible if at least 1,000ft of altitude is maintained for every 1 NM from the station

Slant Range Error increases as you get closer to the station

73
Q

What is the main purpose of the MON?

A

MON - Minimum Operational Network

  1. To ensure that an airport with a VOR will always be within 100 NM of any aircraft anywhere in the country
74
Q

What colors on an Enroute Chart indicate that an IAP is available?

A

Blue or Green

Instrument Certificate (DA 40NG) (23 decks)

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