Ch 2: The Self Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 parts of the self?

A

Self concept: Who am i
Self esteem: My sense of self-worth
Self knowledge: how can i explain and predict myself
Social self: my group identity

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2
Q

How do we organize self-relvant information?

A

Self-schema - beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

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3
Q

What impacts our self-concept?

A

Social comparisons - We compare ourselves to others and are conscious of those differences.
May have either positive or negative effects on the self

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4
Q

What is the Spotlight effect?

A

Spotlight effect - see ourselves as if we are on “centre stage”

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5
Q

What is the Illusion of transparency?

A

Illusion of transparency - our worry about being evaluated negatively, especially when we feel self-conscious
tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which their personal mental state is known by others.

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6
Q

How does culture impact the self?

A

Individualism - independence, autonomy
* Independent self: stable self-concept and personal self-esteem

Collectivism - relationships, environments
* Interdependent self - malleable self-concept and relational self-esteem

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7
Q

How does culture impact self esteem?

A

Individualistic:
* More personal self- esteem, less relational
* Persist longer on tasks when succeeding
* Downward social comparisons
* Self-evaluations biased positively

Collectivistic:
* Relational and malleable self-esteem
* Persist longer on tasks when failing
* Upward social comparisons
* Self-evaluations as balanced

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8
Q

Using self knowledge, what happens when we try to predict behaviour?

A

planning fallacy - tendency to be too optimistic about one’s estimates. As a result, the time needed to get something done is underestimated.

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9
Q

Using self knowledge, what happens when we try to predict feelings?

A

affective forecasting - predictions of how we will feel about future emotional events
impact bias - overestimate the intensity and durability of affect when making predictions about their emotional responses

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10
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

The tendency to attribute personal failure to external forces and personal success to internal forces. We make external and internal attributions

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11
Q

What are the 4 self-serving biases?

A
  • self-serving attributions (attributing positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to something else)
  • comparing oneself favourably to others
  • unrealistic optimism
  • false consensus and unquieness
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12
Q

Describe unrealistic optimism.

A
  • Predisposed to optimism
  • Unrealistic optimism towards future events
  • supported by being pessimistic about others’ futures
  • BUT: illusory optimism increases vulnerability; defensive pessimism helps people prepare for problems
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13
Q

What is the false consensus effect?

A

Overestimating the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours.
We think people agree/act like us more than they do. E.g. “I lie, but doesn’t everyone?”

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14
Q

What is the false uniqueness effect?

A

Underestimating the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviours

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15
Q

What are the two factors that influence self-presentation?

A
  • self - handicapping
  • self - monitoring
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16
Q

What is self - handicapping?

A

Protecting one’s self-image with behaviours that create an excuse for later failure.
e.g. Bob decides to play video games instead of studying before a big exam.
* Handicaps protect both self-esteem and public image by allowing us to attribute failures to something temporary or external rather than to lack of talent or ability

17
Q

What is self - monitoring?

A

Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting the performance to create the desired impression
High self-monitors are very concerned with impression vs Low self-monitors are not

18
Q

What are two factors that impact self-control?

A
  • Learned helplessness
  • Self-efficacy
18
Q

What is Learned helplessness?

A

Learned helplessness - occurs when an individual feels like they have no control over negative events; become passive
* Uncontrollable bad events -> Perceived lack of control -> Learned helplessness

19
Q

What is Self-efficacy?

A

Self-efficacy - a belief in your own competence