Sleep, Dreaming, and the Circadian Rhythm

Question 1

Iyesha is participating in a sleep experiment. Currently, EEG recordings indicate periods of sleep dominated by low-voltage, fast waves similar to those in nonsleeping individuals. Simultaneously, ______ recordings are showing a loss of muscle activity in the neck, whereas _____ recordings reveal rapid eye movements.
A) Electromyogram (EMG); electrooculogram (EOG)
B) Electrooculogram (EOG); electromyogram (EMG)
C) Electromyogram (EEG); electrocardiogram (EKG)
D) Electrocardiogram (EKG); electrooculogram (EOG)

Answer 1

A) Electromyogram (EMG); electrooculogram (EOG)

Question 2

Physiologically, during specific periods of a night’s sleep, _______ are accompanied by _______.
A) Rapid eye movements; increased activity of the neck muscles
B) Low-voltage, fast brain waves; a loss of activity in the neck muscles
C) Low-voltage, fast brain waves; increases activity in the neck muscles
D) high-voltage, slow brain waves; rapid eye movements

Answer 2

B) Low-voltage, fast brain waves; a loss of activity in the neck muscles

Question 3

Stage 3 EEG (NREM 3) sleep is characterized by:
A) lower frequency waves that in stage 1 EEG
B) sleep spindles
C) K-complexes
D) Higher frequency waves than in the stage 1 EEG

Answer 3

A) lower frequency waves that in stage 1 EEG

Question 4

Stage 3 sleep is to stage 2 sleep as ______ are to _____.
A) Alpha waves; delta waves
B) K-complexes; sleep spindles
C) Sleep spindles; delta waves
D) Delta waves; k-complexes

Answer 4

D) Delta waves; k-complexes

Question 5

Rapid eye movements (REMs) and a loss of tone in the muscles of the body core occur in _____ EEG.
A) Stage 3
B) Initial Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Emergent Stage 1

Answer 5

D) Emergent Stage 1

Question 6

Which of these observations provided the first evidence for an association between REM sleep and dreaming?
A) Kleitman et al found that 80% of awakenings from REM sleep but only 7% of awakenings from NREM sleep, led to dream recall
B) Antidepressants greatly reduce or abolish REM sleep without affecting aspects of dream recall
C) Dreaming is much more prevalent during NREM than first assumed
D) Cortical lesions can abolish dreaming without affecting REM sleep

Answer 6

A) Kleitman et al found that 80% of awakenings from REM sleep but only 7% of awakenings from NREM sleep, led to dream recall

Question 7

Which of these beliefs about dreaming was found to be correct?
A) Sleeptalking usually occurs during REM sleep
B) Sleepwalking occurs during REM sleep
C) Most dreams last only an instant
D) External stimuli can become incorporated into dreams

Answer 7

D) External stimuli can become incorporated into dreams

Question 8

The text’s discussion suggests that lucid dreaming is:
A) A myth
B) Rare
C) Common
D) Ubiquitous

Answer 8

B) Rare

Question 9

The essence of the _______________________ hypothesis is that the information supplied to the cortex during REM sleep is largely random and that the resulting dream is the cortex’s effort to make sense of those random signals.
A) Cortical interpretation
B) Random-signal
C) Activation-synthesis
D) Unconscious processing

Answer 9

C) Activation-synthesis

Question 10

According to the _____ theory of dreaming, we dream to simulate potentially threatening events.
A) Freudian
B) Evolutionary
C) Protoconsciousness
D) Activation-Synthesis

Answer 10

B) Evolutionary

Question 11

The essence of ________________________ theories of sleep is that being awake disrupts the homeostasis of the body in some way and sleep is required to restore it.
A) Circadian
B) Homeostatic
C) Recuperation
D) Adaption

Answer 11

C) Recuperation

Question 12

Adaptation theories of sleep focus more on _____________ than on __________________.
A) When we sleep; the function of sleep
B) The function of sleep; the purpose of dreaming
C) The function of sleep; when we sleep
D) When we sleep; the interpretation of dreams

Answer 12

A) When we sleep; the function of sleep

Question 13

Sleep has been studied in only a small number of species, but the evidence so far suggests that the sleep of most _____________ is like the sleep of most mammals.
A) Birds
B) Reptiles
C) Insects
D) Amphibians

Answer 13

A) Birds

Question 14

Some _______________ sleep with only half of their brain at a time.
A) Marine mammals
B) Insects
C) Amphibians
D) Birds

Answer 14

A) Marine mammals

Question 15

One major conclusion that has been reached through the comparative investigation of sleep is that:
A) Sleep helps animals reprogram their complex brains, and it permits some kind of emotional release to maintain mental health
B) Sleep may be essential for survival, but it does not appear to be needed in large quantities
C) The daily sleep time of each species is related to how fast the animal moves
D) The primary function of sleep is special, higher-order cognitive function

Answer 15

B) Sleep may be essential for survival, but it does not appear to be needed in large quantities

Question 16

Researchers in the Sleep Study Laboratory at State University are conducting a study of the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. In this study, stress is MOST likely a(n) ______ variable.
A) Dependent
B) Independent
C) Control
D) Confounding

Answer 16

D) Confounding

Question 17

After the fourth night, the effects of sleep deprivation on student volunteers in laboratory studies ______, ______ the recuperation theory of sleep.
A) Plateaued; affirming
B) Worsened; affirming
C) Plateaued; contradicting
D) Worsened; contradicting

Answer 17

C) Plateaued; contradicting

Question 18

If one sleeps 3 to 4 hours less for one night, one is LEAST likely to be:
A) Illogical
B) Unhappy
C) Distracted
D) Sleepy

Answer 18

A) Illogical

Question 19

Following REM deprivation, people:
A) Spend more time in REM sleep, but don’t initiate REM sleep more often
B) Initiate REM sleep more often, but don’t spend more time in REM sleep overall
C) Neither spend more time in REM sleep, nor initiate REM sleep more often
D) Not only spend more time in REM sleep, but also initiate REM sleep more often

Answer 19

D) Not only spend more time in REM sleep, but also initiate REM sleep more often

Question 20

According to the _______ theory, REM sleep is more adaptive than wakefulness when there are no immediate bodily needs.
A) REM adaption
B) Recuperation
C) Adaptation
D) Default

Answer 20

D) Default

Question 21

Circadian rhythms in constant environments are said to be ________________, and their duration is called the _________________.
A) Free-running periods; free-running duration
B) Free-running periods; zeitgeber
C) Unstable; free-running duration
D) Free-running rhythms; free-running period

Answer 21

D) Free-running rhythms; free-running period

Question 22

After working the “second shift” from 3 p.m. to 11 p.m., Mariah begins working “graveyards” from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. The day of Mariah’s first night shift, Mariah’s friend Minnie flies from San Francisco to Paris. When she arrives in Paris, it is 5 p.m. PDT by Minnie’s wristwatch, but 1 a.m. local Paris time. Of the two friends, _______ will have the MOST difficulty adjusting, because she is experiencing a phase ______ in her circadian rhythms.
A) Minnie; advance
B) Minnie; delay
C) Mariah; advance
D) Mariah; delay

Answer 22

A) Minnie; advance

Question 23

Specific lesions of the __________________________ have been shown to disrupt various circadian cycles.
A) Basal forebrain
B) Posterior hypothalamus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the medial hypothalamus

Answer 23

D) Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the medial hypothalamus

Question 24

The retinohypothalamic tracts leave the optic chiasm and project to the adjacent:
A) Posterior hypothalamus
B) Olfactory bulb
C) Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
D) Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 24

C) Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

Question 25

The first mammalian circadian gene to be identified was ______. The first mammalian circadian gene to have its molecular structure described was ______.
A) Clock; clock as well
B) Clock; tau
C) Tau; tau as well
D) Tau; clock

Answer 25

D) Tau; clock

Question 26

___________ means lasting about 1 day:
A) Circadian
B) Canadian
C) Effective
D) Affective

Answer 26

A) Circadian

Question 27

Free-running rhythms are those that occur in environments devoid of ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬_________________.
A) Heinburgers
B) Zeitgebers
C) Hamburgers

Answer 27

B) Zeitgebers

Question 28

The major circadian clock seems to be located in the _____________ nuclei of the hypothalamus.
A) Suprachiasmatic
B) Posterior
C) Anterior
D) Medial

Answer 28

A) Suprachiasmatic

Question 29

Patients with damage to the ____________ hypothalamus and adjacent areas of the midbrain often causes difficulty sleeping.
A) Posterior
B) Anterior
C) Medial
D) Caudal

Answer 29

B) Anterior

Question 30

Patients with damage to the ____________ hypothalamus and adjacent areas of the midbrain often causes excessive sleepiness.
A) Posterior
B) Anterior
C) Medial
D) Caudal

Answer 30

A) Posterior

Question 31

In Bremer’s famous study, cats with a ¬_____________ preparation displayed an EEG characteristic of continuous slow wave sleep.
A) Cerveau isole
B) Superior colliculi
C) Inferior colliculi

Answer 31

A) Cerveau isole

Question 32

The indices of REM sleep are controlled by a variety of nuclei located in the caudal _____________.
A) Reticular formation
B) Perpendicular formation
C) Asymmetric formation

Answer 32

A) Reticular formation

Question 33

Baron Constantin von Economo discovered the involvement of the posterior hypothalamus and the anterior hypothalamus in human ____________ and _____________, respectively.
A) Sleep disorders; REM sleep
B) Sleep; wakefulness
C) Wakefulness; sleep
D) Slow wave sleep; REM sleep

Answer 33

C) Wakefulness; sleep

Question 34

Severing the brain stem between the inferior colliculi and superior colliculi is called a(n) _____________ preparation.
A) Encephale isole
B) Midcollicular
C) Tectal
D) Cerveau isole

Answer 34

D) Cerveau isole

Question 35

Electrical stimulation of the _______________ in sleeping cats awakened them and produced a lengthy period of EEG desynchronization.
A) Superior colliculi
B) Reticular formation
C) Posterior hypothalamus
D) Anterior hypothalamus

Answer 35

B) Reticular formation

Question 36

REM sleep is controlled by a variety of nuclei scattered throughout the:
A) Inferior colliculus
B) Anterior hypothalamus
C) Caudal reticular formation
D) Superior colliculus

Answer 36

C) Caudal reticular formation

Question 37

REM sleep occurs only when:
A) One particular nucleus in the caudal reticular formation becomes active
B) The anterior and posterior hypothalamus are simultaneously active
C) A network of independent structures becomes active together
D) Certain forebrain nuclei become active together

Answer 37

C) A network of independent structures becomes active together

Question 38

Benzodiazepines (e.g., valium) were developed and tested for the treatment of:
A) Schizophrenia
B) Depression
C) Anxiety
D) Bipolar disorders

Answer 38

C) Anxiety

Question 39

Like the benzodiazepines, the imidazopyridines are also:
A) GABAA agonists
B) Dopamine agonists
C) Serotonin agonists
D) Serotonin antagonists

Answer 39

A) GABAA agonists

Question 40

Cocaine-derived stimulants, amphetamine-derived stimulants, and tricyclic antidepressants seem to promote wakefulness by boosting the activity of:

A) Catecholamines
B) Anandamides
C) Indolamines
D) Hydrazines

Answer 40

A) Catecholamines

Question 41

_______________ is a hormone synthesized from the neurotransmitter serotonin in the ________________ gland.
A) GABA; pineal
B) Estradiol; pituitary
C) Testosterone; pituitary
D) Melatonin; pineal

Answer 41

D) Melatonin; pineal

Question 42

Melatonin is considered to be a:
A) Chronobiotic
B) Catecholamine
C) Derivative of dopamine
D) Stimulant

Answer 42

A) Chronobiotic