Drug Addiction and the Brain's Reward Circuits

Question 1

The main advantages of the oral route of drug administration over other routes are its:
A) Ease and relative safety
B) Slower rate of absorption
C) Tendency to carry less stigma and be more socially acceptable
D) Functional advantages

Answer 1

A) Ease and relative safety

Question 2

The MOST dangerous route of drug administration is:
A) Inhalation
B) Intravenous
C) Absorption through mucous membranes
D) Oral ingestion

Answer 2

B) Intravenous

Question 3

Drug tolerance is of two different types: metabolic and ______.
A) Psychoactive
B) Cross
C) Functional
D) Subcutaneous

Answer 3

C) Functional

Question 4

An individual who displays a withdrawal syndrome when their intake of a drug is curtailed is said to be ________ that drug.
A) Psychologically dependent on
B) Sensitized to
C) Cross tolerant to
D) Physically dependent on

Answer 4

D) Physically dependent on

Question 5

Penny has been sentenced to one year of probation. She quits using cocaine because she is drug-tested randomly. If Penny is like MOST people who are addicted to drugs, Penny _____ resume her drug use when she has completed her sentence because the ______-producing effects of cocaine are the primary drivers of her addiction.
A) Will; physical dependence
B) Will; pleasure
C) Will not; pleasure
D) Will not; physical dependance

Answer 5

B) Will; pleasure

Question 6

The before-and-after study is designed to study:
A) Conditioned drug tolerance
B) Contingent drug tolerance

Answer 6

B) Contingent drug tolerance

Question 7

__________________________ tolerance refers to demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced.
A) Conditioned drug
B) Exteroceptive
C) Conditioned compensatory
D) Contingent drug

Answer 7

D) Contingent drug

Question 8

The fact that drug tolerance is often ___________________ suggests that Pavlovian conditioning plays a role in addiction.
A) Metabolic
B) Present in drug users
C) Situationally specific
D) Present in drug addicts

Answer 8

C) Situationally specific

Question 9

According to Ramsay and Woods (1997), the unconditional stimulus in a drug tolerance experiment is
A) The drug
B) The environment
C) The needle
D) The disruption of neural functioning that has been directly produced by the drug

Answer 9

D) The disruption of neural functioning that has been directly produced by the drug

Question 10

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between drug tolerance and drug sensitization?
A) Drug sensitization is a similar effect to drug tolerance
B) Drug sensitization is the opposite of drug tolerance
C) Drug sensitization is a more intense effect that drug tolerance is

Answer 10

B) Drug sensitization is the opposite of drug tolerance

Question 11

_____________ disease provides a compelling illustration of nicotine’s addictive power.
A) Buerger’s
B) Barnes’
C) Pinel’s
D) Siegel’s

Answer 11

A) Buerger’s

Question 12

In its advanced stages, Korsakoff’s syndrome is associated with:
A) Tachycardia
B) Severe dementia
C) Buerger’s disease
D) Delirium tremens

Answer 12

B) Severe dementia

Question 13

CB1 is:
A) A cannabinoid receptor
B) A cholinergic receptor
C) A teratogen
D) A dopamine transporter

Answer 13

A) A cannabinoid receptoR

Question 14

During a cocaine spree, individuals who are addicted to the drug tend to experience:
A) An overwhelming increase in appetite
B) The need for higher doses to achieve a euphoric state
C) Amplified feelings of empathy
D) A significantly decreased sense of well-being

Answer 14

B) The need for higher doses to achieve a euphoric state

Question 15

Morphine and codeine are constituents of:
A) Cocaine
B) Heroin
C) Opium
D) Amphetamine

Answer 15

C) Opium

Question 16

Drugs that affect the nervous system and behaviour are called ___________ drugs.

Answer 16

Psychoactive.

Question 17

The most dangerous route of drug administration is __________ injection.

Answer 17

IV

Question 18

Drug tolerance is of two different types: metabolic and ___________.

Answer 18

Functional

Question 19

Many animals will administer brief bursts of weak electrical stimulation to specific sites in their own brains. This phenomenon is known as:
A) Intracranial self-stimulation
B) Shock self-administration
C) Kindling
D) Mesotelecephalic stimulation

Answer 19

A) Intracranial self-stimulation

Question 20

The fact that laboratory animals are drug-free when entering the conditioned place-preference paradigm is an advantage of the method because:
A) They can more readily self-administer the drugs
B) It focuses on drugs to which only animals become addicted
C) The incentive value of a drug is not confounded by its other behavioural effects

Answer 20

C) The incentive value of a drug is not confounded by its other behavioural effects

Question 21

Degeneration in which of the following components of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system is associated with Parkinson’s disease?
A) Mesoscorticolimbic pathway
B) Ventral tegmental area
C) Nucleus accumbens
D) Nigrostriatal pathway

Answer 21

D) Nigrostriatal pathway

Question 22

Evidence that dopamine plays an important role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs and natural reinforcers includes the finding that:
A) Dopamine antagonists reduce apparent pleasure
B) Dopamine agonists block the self-administration of several sorts of addictive drugs
C) Dopamine agonists reduce apparent reward value
D) Dopamine antagonists reduce the reinforcing effects of food

Answer 22

D) Dopamine antagonists reduce the reinforcing effects of food

Question 23

Which would be a factor in initial drug taking from an instrumental point of view?
A) Drug craving
B) Alleviating Stress
C) Social Interaction
D) Novelty Seeking

Answer 23

B) Alleviating Stress

Question 24

The incentive-sensitization theory states that the positive-incentive value of addictive drugs ______ with repeated drug use in ______ individuals.
A) Decreases; addiction resistant
B) Decreases; addiction prone
C) Increases; addiction resistant
D) Increases; addiction prone

Answer 24

D) Increases; addiction prone

Question 25

Shortly after cocaine withdrawal, a drug-associated cue elicits few presses to a lever that had always delivered drug before withdrawal. However, as time passes, there is a gradual increase in lever pressing in response to presentations of a drug-associated cue. This phenomenon is known as:
A) Positive incentive sensitization
B) The incubation of drug craving
C) Drug resistance
D) Incentive sensitization

Answer 25

B) The incubation of drug craving

Question 26

Using more naturalistic housing and testing conditions has what effect on the results of the drug self-administration paradigm that raises concerns about the method?
A) Reduced self-administration
B) Combined self-administration and other self-stimulating behaviours
C) Death of the subject
D) Significantly increased self-administration

Answer 26

A) Reduced self-administration

Question 27

Most drug self-administration studies have been conducted using:
A) CNS depressants
B) Hallucinogens
C) Stimulants
D) Barbiturates

Answer 27

C) Stimulants

Question 28

Smoker’s syndrome includes which symptom
A) Convulsions
B) Tremor at rest
C) Labored breathing
D) Itchy scalp

Answer 28

C) Labored breathing

Question 29

Drug _______ is an affective state in which there is a strong desire for a particular drug.
A) Withdrawal
B) Craving
C) Addiction
D) Tolerance

Answer 29

B) Craving

Question 30

The __________ phase of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome begins 10 to 30 hours after cessation of drinking and is characterized by hyperactivity, insomnia, and hallucinations.
A) Second
B) Third
C) Fourth
D) First

Answer 30

A) Second

Question 31

Convulsions and hyperthermia are symptoms of withdrawal from:
A) Nicotine
B) Alcohol
C) Tobacco
D) Cocaine

Answer 31

B) Alcohol

Question 32

Delirium tremens occurs during which stage of a full-blown alcohol withdrawal syndrome?
A) Stage 4
B) Hangover
C) Stage 2
D) Tolerance

Answer 32

A) Stage 4

Question 33

Brain damage and delayed growth in children are symptoms of:
A) Buerger’s disease
B) Fetal alcohol syndrome
C) Opioid withdrawal
D) Drug sensitization

Answer 33

B) Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 34

One of the most widely publicized findings about alcohol is that moderate drinking reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. However, in subsequent meta-analyses that included only those studies that used an abstainers control group consisting of _________________, this conclusion was shown to be incorrect.
A) Wine drinkers
B) People who have never consumed alcohol
C) Nonabstainers
D) Beer drinkers

Answer 34

B) People who have never consumed alcohol

Question 35

Psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy are known as:
A) Coumarins
B) Leprostatics
C) Empathogens
D) Echinocandins

Answer 35

C) Empathogens

Question 36

In the telencephalon, a site in the prefrontal cortex called the ______ is especially strongly implicated in the experience of reward and pleasure.
A) Nucleus accumbens
B) Dorsal striatum
C) Reticular activating system
D) Amygdala

Answer 36

A) Nucleus accumbens