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brain and behaviour ii > Hormones and Sex > Flashcards

Hormones and Sex Flashcards

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1
Q

Exocrine glands release their chemicals into _________, which carry them to their targets. Endocrine glands release their chemicals directly into __________________.
A) The posterior pituitary; the anterior pituitary
B) The circulatory system; ducts
C) The anterior pituitary; the posterior pituitary
D) Ducts; the circulatory system

A

D) Ducts; the circulatory system

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2
Q

After copulation, a sperm cell may fertilize an ovum to form a cell called a(n):
A) Fetus
B) Embryo
C) Zygote
D) Child cell

A

C) Zygote

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3
Q

__________________ is a pituitary tropic hormone that travels through the circulatory system to the gonads, where it stimulates the release of gonadal hormones.
A) Oxytocin
B) Vasopressin
C) Testosterone
D) Gonadotropin

A

D) Gonadotropin

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4
Q

Hormones are carried from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary via the:
A) Paraventricular nuclei
B) Vasomotor system
C) Hypothalamopituitary portal system
D) Tubuloglomerular feedback system

A

C) Hypothalamopituitary portal system

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5
Q

One consequence of ________________ is that there are often large minute-to-minute fluctuations in the levels of circulating hormones.
A) Pulsatile hormone release
B) The stress response
C) Neural signals
D) Exocrine function

A

A) Pulsatile hormone release

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6
Q

In the seventh week after conception, the ___________ gene on the Y chromosome of the male triggers the synthesis of ____________ protein.
A) Testicular; testicular
B) Syr; syr
C) Ovarian; ovarian
D) Syr; testicular

A

B) Syr; syr

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7
Q

If Sry protein were injected into a genetic female fetus 6 weeks after conception, the fetus would develop into a genetic _____ with ______.
A) Male; ovaries
B) Female; ovaries
C) Female; testes
D) Female; neither testes nor ovaries

A

C) Female; testes

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8
Q

In the third month of male fetal development, the developing testes secrete:
A) Oxytocin
B) Estradiol
C) Progesterone
D) Mullerian-inhibiting substance

A

D) Mullerian-inhibiting substance

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9
Q

Surgical removal of the gonads—either the testes or the ovaries—is called:
A) Castration
B) Orchidectomy
C) Oophorectomy
D) Ovariectomy

A

A) Castration

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10
Q

____________________ triggers the growth of pubic and axillary hair in females.
A) Testosterone
B) Androstenedione
C) Estradiol
D) Growth Hormone

A

B) Androstenedione

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11
Q

In the absence of the Syr protein, the cortical cells of the primordial gonads develop into ¬________.
A) Testes
B) Ovaries
C) Gonads
D) Progesterone

A

B) Ovaries

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12
Q

It has been hypothesized that perinatal testosterone must first be changed to estradiol before it can masculinize the brains of male rats. This is called the ¬¬¬¬¬¬_________ hypothesis.
A) Aromatization
B) Erratica
C) Perinatal

A

A) Aromatization

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13
Q

The scrotum and the _________ develop from the same biopotential precursor.
A) Labia majora
B) Labia minora
C) Syr protein

A

A) Labia majora

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14
Q

Aromatization refers to the process of converting ______________ to ________________.
A) Testosterone; androstenedione
B) Estradiol; testosterone
C) Testosterone; estradiol
D) Androstenedione; testosterone

A

C) Testosterone; estradiol

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15
Q

Although research on the development of sex differences in the brain is still in its infancy, one important principle has emerged:
A) Brains are either masculine or feminine
B) Brains are not masculinized or feminized as a whole

A

B) Brains are not masculinized or feminized as a whole

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16
Q

Perinatal exposure to testosterone often __________________ a genetic female’s adult reproductive behavior.
A) Masculinizes and feminizes
B) Masculinizes and defeminizes
C) Feminizes and demasculinizes
D) Defeminizes and demasculinizes

A

B) Masculinizes and defeminizes

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17
Q

Which condition is more likely in human females than males?
A) Anxiety
B) Alzheimer’s disease
C) Dyslexia
D) Depression

A

B) Alzheimer’s disease

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18
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome results from:
A) A mutation of the gene for the androgen receptor
B) Excessive estrogen levels
C) A lack of circulating androgens
D) Aromatization

A

A) A mutation of the gene for the androgen receptor

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19
Q

Which of these is the MOST common atypical form of sexual development?
A) Ablatio penis
B) Adrenogenital syndrome
C) Ablatio clitoris
D) Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

B) Adrenogenital syndrome

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20
Q

Which condition results from a congenital deficiency in the release of the hormone cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
A) Hypocortisolimia
B) Ablatio penis
C) Adrenogenital syndrome
D) Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

C) Adrenogenital syndrome

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21
Q

According to John Money, the outcome of the David Reimer case strongly supported the _____________ theory of gender identity.
A) Organizational
B) Social-learning
C) Activational
D) Pernis-presence

A

B) Social-learning

22
Q

Long-term follow-up studies of David Reimer came to conclusions that contradicted John Money’s earlier conclusions. These follow-up studies found that from an early age, David:
A) Tended to prefer boys’ activities and games
B) Was attracted to males
C) Felt like a girl
D) Displayed great interest in dolls, cooking, or other conventional female activities

A

A) Tended to prefer boys’ activities and games

23
Q

An important generalization drawn from Bremer’s (1959) classic study is that in human males, castration always leads to:
A) An immediate reduction I sexual interest but no changes in behaviors
B) No major reductions in sexual interest and behaviour
C) A reduction in sexual interest and behaviour
D) A total elimination of sexual interest and behavior

A

C) A reduction in sexual interest and behaviour

24
Q

Because testosterone is the major testicular hormone, the major symptoms of orchidectomy have been attributed to the loss of testosterone. The therapeutic effects of _______________ have confirmed this assumption.
A) Surgical reconstruction of the gonads
B) Lordosis
C) Castration
D) Replacement injections

A

D) Replacement injections

25
Q

In sexually mature female rats and guinea pigs, ________ is a period of 12 to 18 hours during which the female is fertile, receptive, proceptive, and sexually attractive.
A) Ovulation
B) Amenorrhea
C) Estrus
D) Hirsutism

A

C) Estrus

26
Q

With respect to hormones, the sexual drive of human females seems to reflect:
A) Both estradiol and testosterone
B) Testosterone but not estradiol
C) Estradiol but not testosterone
D) Neither testosterone nor estradiol

A

A) Both estradiol and testosterone

27
Q

Males taking anabolic steroids often experience:
A) Androgenesis
B) Amenorrhea
C) Testicular growth
D) Gynecomastia

A

D) Gynecomastia

28
Q

In humans, activity in the ______________ is suppressed during orgasm.
A) Hypothalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Striatum

A

C) Prefrontal cortex

29
Q

Gorski and his colleagues (1978) discovered a nucleus in the ____________ of the rat hypothalamus that was several times larger in males. They called this nucleus the _________________ nucleus.
A) Medial preoptic area; sexually dimorphic
B) Dorsal nucleus; sexually dimorphic
C) Lateral preoptic area; male
D) Ventromedial nucleus; male

A

A) Medial preoptic area; sexually dimorphic

30
Q

The __________________ of the rat hypothalamus contains circuits that appear to be critical for female sexual behavior.
A) Dorsolateral nucleus
B) Dorsomedial nucleus
C) Lateral preoptic area
D) Ventromedial nucleus

A

D) Ventromedial nucleus

31
Q

In humans, Klüver-Bucy syndrome involves:
A) Sexual advances to inappropriate objects or people
B) Binge eating
C) Heightened affect
D) Hyposexuality

A

A) Sexual advances to inappropriate objects or people

32
Q

Activity in the ____________ is commonly associated with the anticipation and experience of sex and other forms of pleasure.
A) Hypothalamus
B) Prefrontal cortex
C) Amygdala
D) Ventral striatum

A

D) Ventral striatum

33
Q

The perinatal castration of males has increased their preference as adults for ___________ sex partners. Prenatal testosterone exposure in females has increased their preference as adults for ___________ sex partners.
A) Male; male
B) Female; male
C) Female; female
D) Male; female

A

D) Male; female

34
Q

Ehrhardt and colleagues (1985) interviewed adult human females whose mothers had been exposed to _________________ during pregnancy. The females’ responses indicated that they were significantly more sexually attracted to _____________ than was a group of matched controls.
A) Diethylstilbestrol; females
B) Testosterone; males
C) Diethylstilbestrol; males\
D) Testosterone; females

A

A) Diethylstilbestrol; females

35
Q

The __________________ refers to the finding that the probability of a human male being gay increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has.
A) Fraternal birth order effect
B) Maternal immune hypothesis
C) Maternal birth order effect
D) Older brother effect

A

A) Fraternal birth order effect

36
Q

The timing of the emergence of sexual attraction suggests that it may be stimulated by the release of:
A) Testosterone
B) Adrenal steroids
C) Progesterone
D) Estradiol

A

B) Adrenal steroids

37
Q

The existence of differences in sexual orientation and transgenderism is a challenge to the:
A) importance of testosterone in determining male sexual behavior.
B) MAMAWAWA
C) Study by LeVay in 91’
D) Maternal immune hypothesis

A

B) MAMAWAWA

38
Q

The ovaries and testes are:
A) Zygotes
B) Oocytes
C) Exocrine glands
D) Gonads

A

D) Gonads

39
Q

Gonadotropin is released by the
A) Hypothalamus
B) Anterior pituitary
C) Posterior pituitary
D) Gonads

A

B) Anterior pituitary

40
Q

Releasing hormones are released by the:
A) Posterior pituitary
B) Hypothalamus
C) Gonads
D) Anterior pituitary

A

B) Hypothalamus

41
Q

Pulsatile is often used to describe:
A) Vaginal lubrication
B) A pattern of hormone released into the blood
C) The pattern of sperm production cycle
D) Ejaculation

A

B) A pattern of hormone released into the blood

42
Q

Which term refers specifically to the surgical removal of the testes?
A) Castration
B) Gonadectomy
C) Ovariectomy
D) Orchidectomy

A

D) Orchidectomy

43
Q

The main hormonal trigger for the development of a female reproductive system is:
A) Exposure to testosterone
B) Lack of exposure to testosterone
C) Lack of exposure to aromatase
D) Exposure to estradiol

A

B) Lack of exposure to testosterone

44
Q

In the absence of the Sry protein, the cortical cells of the primordial gonads develop into:
A) Testes
B) The uvula
C) Ovaries
D) The Wolffian system

A

C) Ovaries

45
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome typically has severe consequences for:
A) Genetic females but not genetic males
B) Genetic males but not genetic females
C) Caucasians but not other ethnic groups
D) Rodents but not primates

A

A) Genetic females but not genetic males

46
Q

Hormones have two kinds of effects on behavior: developmental and:
A) Spiritual
B) Chemical
C) Activational
D) Physiological

A

C) Activational

47
Q

Sparse pubic and underarm hair is characteristic of:
A) Androgen insensitivity syndrome
B) Ablatio penis
C) Intersexuals
D) Adrenogenital syndrome

A

A) Androgen insensitivity syndrome

48
Q

In primates, bilateral destruction of the amygdala often causes _____ syndrome
A) Androgen insensitivity
B) Adrenogenital
C) Kluver-Bucy
D) William’s

A

C) Kluver-Bucy

49
Q

The maternal immune hypothesis has been proposed to explain:
A) Male homosexuality
B) Gender identity
C) The fraternal birth order effect
D) Female homosexuality

A

C) The fraternal birth order effect

50
Q

LeVay (1991) found a difference between the brains of gay human males and straight males in:
A) A nucleus of the hypothalamus
B) The prefrontal cortex
C) The left caudate
D) The right amygdala

A

A) A nucleus of the hypothalamus

51
Q

Whether someone is considered to be gay, straight, bisexual, or asexual is a function of their:
A) Sexual orientation
B) Gender identity
C) Maternal birth order
D) Sex chromosomes

A

A) Sexual orientation

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