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Psychology > Ch 6 - Conditioning and Learning > Flashcards

Ch 6 - Conditioning and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Any relatively permanent change in knowledge or behaviour that can be attributed to experience.

A

What is learning?

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2
Q

The formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses.

A

What is associative learning?

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3
Q

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new simuli.

A

What is classical conditioning?

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4
Q

Something that elicits a response without any prior experience.

A

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

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5
Q

Response to a stimulus that requires no previous experience.

A

What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

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6
Q

A stimulus that does not evoke a response.

A

What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

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7
Q

Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response.

A

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

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8
Q

Learned reaction elicited by pairing an originally neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

A

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

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9
Q

Weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

A

What is extinction (in classical conditioning)?

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10
Q

Reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

A

What is spontaneous recovery?

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11
Q

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus.

A

What is stimulus generalization?

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12
Q

The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli.

A

What is stimulus discrimination?

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13
Q

An emotional response that has been linked to a previously non-emotional stimulus by classical conditioning.

A

What is a conditioned emotional response (CER)?

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14
Q

Learning based on the positive or negative consequences of responding.

A

What is operant (instrumental) conditioning?

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15
Q

Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not.

A

What is the law of effect?

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16
Q

An apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals.

A

What is the operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box)?

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17
Q

Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows.

A

What is a reinforcer?

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18
Q

Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event.

A

What is positive reinforcement?

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19
Q

Occurs when a response if followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event.

A

What is negative reinforcement?

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20
Q

Any event that decreases the probability or frequency of responses that it follows.

A

What is a punisher?

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21
Q

Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response.

A

What is positive punishment (punishment)?

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22
Q

Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made.

A

What is negative punishment (response cost)?

23
Q

The weakening or disappearance of a nonreinforced operant response.

A

What is operant extinction?

24
Q

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement.

A

What is operant stimulus generalization?

25
Q

The tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with non-reward are present.

A

What is operant stimulus discrimination?

26
Q

Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern.

A

What is shaping?

27
Q

A pattern in which a reinforcer follows every correct response.

A

What is continuous reinforcement?

28
Q

A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced.

A

What is partial reinforcement?

29
Q

Responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.

A

What is partial reinforcement effect?

30
Q

Rules or plans for determining which responses will be reinforced.

A

What are schedules of reinforcement?

31
Q

An arrangement where a set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example, a reinforcer is given for every four correct responses.

A

What is a fixed ratio (FR) schedule?

32
Q

An arrangement where a varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example, a reinforcer is given after three to seven correct responses; the actual number changes randomly.

A

What is a variable ratio (VR) schedule?

33
Q

An arrangement where a reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced.

A

What is a fixed interval (FI) schedule?

34
Q

An arrangement where a reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced.

A

What is a variable interval (VI) schedule?

35
Q

Non-learned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs.

A

What are primary reinforcers?

36
Q

A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer.

A

What is a secondary reinforcer?

37
Q

A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, and the like.

A

What is a token reinforcer?

38
Q

Learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or noting the consequences of those actions.

A

What is observational learning (modeling)?

39
Q

A person who serves as an example in observational learning.

A

What is a model (in learning)?

40
Q

The removal of inhibition; results in acting out that normally would be restrained.

A

What is disinhibition?

41
Q

A reduction in emotional sensitivity to a stimulus.

A

What is desensitization?

42
Q

Higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation.

A

What is cognitive learning?

43
Q

Psychologists who work in schools and design interventions for students who are having difficulties.

A

What are school psychologists?

44
Q

Psychologists who carry out research to better understand how people best learn and how teachers can improve instruction.

A

What are educational psychologists?

45
Q

A system for classifying knowledge and learning.

A

What is Bloom’s taxonomy?

46
Q

The belief that intelligence and talents can be developed through hard work and effort.

A

What is the growth mindset?

47
Q

The belief that intelligence and talents are inborn and cannot be easily changed.

A

What is the fixed mindset?

48
Q

A method of instruction in which information is presented by lecture or demonstration, and students often learn through rote practice.

A

What is direct instruction?

49
Q

Learning based on insight and understanding.

A

What is discovery learning?

50
Q

Information returned to people about their progress toward a goal.

A

What is feedback?

51
Q

A formal agreement stating behaviours to be changed and consequences that apply.

A

What is a behavioural contract?

52
Q

Any high-frequency response can be used to reinforce a low-frequency response.

A

What is the Premack principle?

53
Q

Self-management based on keeping records of response frequencies.

A

What is self-recording?

Psychology (15 decks)

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