Ch 8 - Cognition, Language, and Creativity

Question 1

Process of thinking, gaining knowledge, and dealing with knowledge.

Answer 1

What is cognition?

Question 2

Thought that is passive, effortless, and automatic.

Answer 2

What is experiential processing?

Question 3

Thought that it is active, effortful, and controlled.

Answer 3

What is reflective processing?

Question 4

Mental picture or visual depiction used in memory and thinking.

Answer 4

What are mental images?

Question 5

Mental category for classifying things based on common features or properties.

Answer 5

What is a concept?

Question 6

An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept.

Answer 6

What is a prototype?

Question 7

Words or symbols, and rules for combining them, that are used for thinking and communication.

Answer 7

What is language?

Question 8

Basic speech sounds of a language.

Answer 8

What are phonemes?

Question 9

Smallest meaningful units in a language, such as syllables or words.

Answer 9

What are morphemes?

Question 10

A set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing.

Answer 10

What is grammar?

Question 11

Rules for ordering words when forming sentences.

Answer 11

What is syntax?

Question 12

Rules by which a simple declarative sentence may be changed to other voices or forms (past tense, passive voice, and so forth).

Answer 12

What are transformation rules?

Question 13

The study of meanings in words and language.

Answer 13

What are semantics?

Question 14

The exact, dictionary definition of a word or concept; its objective meaning.

Answer 14

What is denotative meaning?

Question 15

The subjective, personal, or emotional meaning of a word or concept.

Answer 15

What is connotative meaning?

Question 16

The idea that the words we use not only reflect our thoughts but can shape them as well.

Answer 16

What is linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Question 17

The ability to speak two languages.

Answer 17

What is bilingualism?

Question 18

A problem solution achieved by following a series of step-by-step rules.

Answer 18

What is an algorithmic solution?

Question 19

Drawing conclusions on the basis of formal principles of reasoning.

Answer 19

What is logical thought?

Question 20

Thinking in which a general rule or principle is gathered from a series of specific examples; for instance, inferring the laws of gravity by observing many falling objects.

Answer 20

What is inductive thought?

Question 21

Thought that applies a general set of rules to specific situations; for example, using the laws of gravity to predict the behaviour of a single falling object.

Answer 21

What is deductive thought?

Question 22

A deeper comprehension of the nature of a problem.

Answer 22

What is understanding (in problem solving)?

Question 23

A solution that correctly states the requirements for success, but not in enough detail for further action.

Answer 23

What is a general solution?

Question 24

A detailed, practical, and workable solution.

Answer 24

What is a functional solution?

Question 25

Shortcut or rule of thumb for finding a solution to a problem.

Answer 25

What is a heuristic?

Question 26

Trying possible solutions to a problem in a more or less random order.

Answer 26

What is a random search strategy?

Question 27

A sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious.

Answer 27

What is insight?

Question 28

The tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives.

Answer 28

What is fixation (in problem solving)?

Question 29

Tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.

Answer 29

What is functional fixedness?

Question 30

Quick, impulsive thought that does not use formal logic or clear reasoning.

Answer 30

What is intuition?

Question 31

A branch of economics that applies psychology to the study of economic decision-making.

Answer 31

What is behavioural economics?

Question 32

In thought, the terms in which a problem is stated or the way that it is structured.

Answer 32

What is framing?

Question 33

Mental shortcut that relies on how quickly examples come to mind when evaluating a topic or making a decision.

Answer 33

What is availability heuristic?

Question 34

Mental shortcut of judging if something belongs in a given class based on similarity to other members.

Answer 34

What is representativeness heuristic?

Question 35

The basic rate at which an event occurs over time; the basic probability of an event.

Answer 35

What is the base rate?

Question 36

Difficulty making a decision in the face of many alternatives.

Answer 36

What is choice overload?

Question 37

Thinking directed toward discovery of a single established correct answer; conventional thinking.

Answer 37

What is convergent thinking?

Question 38

Ability to combine mental elements in new and useful ways.

Answer 38

What is creativity?

Question 39

Thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives; a major element in original or creative thought.

Answer 39

What is divergent thinking?

Question 40

In tests of creativity, it refers to the total number of solutions produced.

Answer 40

What is fluency?

Question 41

In tests of creativity, it is indicated by how many different types of solutions are produced.

Answer 41

What is flexibility?

Question 42

In tests of creativity, originality refers to how novel or unusual solutions are.

Answer 42

What is originality?

Question 43

A predisposition to perceive or respond in a particular way.

Answer 43

What is a mental set?

Question 44

Method of creative thinking that separates the production and evaluation of ideas.

Answer 44

What is brainstorming?

Question 45

In group problem solving, the tendency of one person’s ideas to trigger ideas from others.

Answer 45

What is the cross-stimulation effect?