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Psychology > WINTER Chapter 12: Personality and Individual Differences > Flashcards

WINTER Chapter 12: Personality and Individual Differences Flashcards

1
Q

What is a person’s unique and relatively stable pattern of thinking, emotion, and behaviour?

A

Personality

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2
Q

What is a general pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evidence from birth?

A

Temperament

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3
Q

What is the perception of one’s own personality traits?

A

Self-concept

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4
Q

What involves regarding oneself as a worthwhile person? It is a positive evaluation of oneself.

A

Self-esteem

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5
Q

What is a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality?

A

Personality theory

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6
Q

What is the Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts?

A

Psychoanalytic theory

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7
Q

What is the component of Freud’s personality theory containing primitve drives present at birth?

A

Id

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8
Q

What, according to Freud, is the id’s drive to avoid pain and seek what feels good?

A

Pleasure principle

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9
Q

What is the mind, mental life, and personality as a whole?

A

Psych

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10
Q

What, in Freudian theory, is the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energized personality?

A

Libido

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11
Q

What is Freud’s name for the “life instincts?”

A

Eros

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12
Q

Wha is the death instinct postulated by Freud?

A

Thanatos

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13
Q

What, according to Freud, is the decision-making part of personality that operates on the reality principle?

A

Ego

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14
Q

What is the principle of delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate?

A

Reality principle

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15
Q

What, according to Freud, is the part of personality that represents moral conscience?

A

Superego

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16
Q

What is the term describing the contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires?

A

Unconscious

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17
Q

What is the region of the mind that includes all mental contents that a person is aware of at any given moment?

A

Conscious

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18
Q

What is an area of the mind containing information that can be voluntarily brought to awareness?

A

Preconscious

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19
Q

How does Freud classify periods of development?

A

Psychosexual stages

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20
Q

What is any body area that produces pleasurable sensations?

A

Erogenous zone

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21
Q

What is a lasting conflict developed as a result of frustration or overindulgence?

A

Fixation

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22
Q

What, according to Alfred Adler, is the basic drive that propels us toward perfection?

A

Striving for superiority

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23
Q

What arises when feelings of inferiority become overwhelming? It is a negatie pattern characterized by a chronic lack of self-worth along with self-doubt.

A

Inferiority complex

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24
Q

What is a primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world?

A

Basic anxiety

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25
Q

What is the “mask” or public self prsented to others?

A

Persona

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26
Q

What is a mental storehouse for an individual’s unconscious thoughts?

A

Personal unconscious

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27
Q

What, according to Carl Jung, is a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans?

A

Collective unconscious

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28
Q

What, according to Carl Jung, is a universal idea, image, or pattern found in the collective unconscious?

A

Archetype

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29
Q

What is a name for any of the models of personality that emphasize learning and observable behaviour?

A

Behavioural personality theory

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30
Q

What is a deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behaviour?

A

Habit

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31
Q

What are external conditions that strongly influence behaviour?

A

Situational determinants

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32
Q

What is a theory that combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization, and modeling, to explain bheaviour, including personality?

A

Social learning theory

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33
Q

What is a situation as it is peceived and interpreted by an individual, not as it exists objectively?

A

Psychological situation

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34
Q

What is anticipation about the effect that a response will have, especially regarding reinforcement?

A

Expectancy

35
Q

What is the belief in your capacity to produce a desired result?

A

Self-efficacy

36
Q

What is the subjective value that a person attaches to a particular activity or reinforcer?

A

Reinforcement value

37
Q

What is praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular response (such as completing a school assignment)?

A

Self-reinforcement

38
Q

What is praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others?

A

Social reinforcement

39
Q

What are patterns of behaviours regarded as “male” or “female” within a culture?

A

Gender roles

40
Q

What is feeling emotionally connected to a person and seeing onself as like him or her?

A

Identification

41
Q

What is an attempt to match one’s own behaviour to another person’s behaviour?

A

Imitation

42
Q

What is an approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals?

A

Humanism

43
Q

What is the ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconcsious forces?

A

Free will

44
Q

What are those traits, qualities, potentials, and behaviour patterns most characteristic of the human species?

A

Human nature

45
Q

What is reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively?

A

Subjective experience

46
Q

What is the process of fully developing personal potentials?

A

Self-actualization

47
Q

What is a person living in harmony with her or his deepest feelings, impulses, and intuitions?

A

Fully functioning person

48
Q

What is a continuously evolving conception of one’s personal identity?

A

Self

49
Q

What is the total subjective perception of one’s body and personality?

A

Self-image or self-concept

50
Q

What is a state that exists when there is a descrepancy between one’s experiences and self-image or between one’s self-image and ideal self?

A

Incongruence

51
Q

What is an idealized image of onself (ther person that one would like to be)?

A

Ideal self

52
Q

What is a collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person that one could become?

A

Possible selves

53
Q

What are the internal standards used to judge the value of one’s thoughts, actions, feelings, or experiences?

A

Conditions of worth

54
Q

What is a complete, unqualified acceptance of another person as he or she is?

A

Unconditional positive regard

55
Q

What is the term for thinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worthwhile person?

A

Positive self-regard

56
Q

What is a stable quality that a person shows in most situations?

A

Personality trait

57
Q

What is a “study of” (more like “term for”) the variation that exists between people?

A

Individual differences

58
Q

What is the influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits?

A

Trait-situation interaction

59
Q

What are the core traits that characterize an individual personality?

A

Central traits

60
Q

What are the traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial?

A

Secondary traits

61
Q

What are the basic underlying traits, or dimensions, of personality? Each one is reflected in a number of surface traits.

A

Source traits (factors)

62
Q

What is a statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors?

A

Factor analysis

63
Q

What is the theory where only a handful of characteristics account for most individual differences in personality?

A

Big Five personality traits

64
Q

What are qualities of individuals that are not extreme enough to merit a psychiatric diagnosis?

A

Subclinical (traits)

65
Q

What is a style of personality defined by a group of related traits?

A

Personality type

66
Q

What is a face-to-face meeting held for the purpose of gaining information about an individual’s personal history, personality traits, current psychological state, and so forth?

A

Interview (personality)

67
Q

What is an interview in which conversation is informal and topics are taken up freely as they arise?

A

Unstructured interview

68
Q

What is an interview that follows a prearranged plan, usually a series of planned questions?

A

Structured interview

69
Q

What is the tendency to generalize a favourable or unfavourable particular impression to unrelated details of personality?

A

Halo effect

70
Q

What is assessing behaviour through direct surveillance?

A

Direct observation

71
Q

What is a list of personality traits or aspects of behaviours on which a person is rated?

A

Rating scale

72
Q

What is the recording of the frequency of various behaviours?

A

Behavioural assessment

73
Q

What is it when real-life conditions are simulated so that a person’s reactions may be directly observed?

A

Situational test

74
Q

What is a paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that reveal aspects of personality?

A

Personality inventory

75
Q

What is a test that gives the same score when different people take it?

A

Objective test

76
Q

What term refers to the stability of test scores over time?

A

Reliability

77
Q

What is the degree to which a test measures the trait that it was designed to?

A

Validity

78
Q

What is a standard used to compare an individual’s performance on a test with that of others?

A

Norm

79
Q

What is a standardized test designed to identify problem areas of functioning in an individual’s personality?

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

80
Q

What are personality tests that use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli?

A

Projective tests

81
Q

What is a projective test that consists of complex, irregular monochromatic shapes?

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

82
Q

What is a projective test consisting of 20 different scenes and life situations about which respondents make up stories?

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

83
Q

What is the study of inherited behavioural traits and tendencies?

A

Behavioural genetics

Psychology (15 decks)

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