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Biology GCSE TRIPLE > B5 - Cognito Questions > Flashcards

B5 - Cognito Questions Flashcards

1
Q

5.1 - Why does the body need to maintain optimal conditions?

A

For optimal enzyme action and cell function

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2
Q

5.1 - True or false? Homeostasis ensure internal conditions stay exactly constant, they don’t fluctuate at all.

A

FALSE

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3
Q

5.1 - External conditions

A

Room temperature, The amount of fluids you drink

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4
Q

5.1 - What is the role of a receptor?

A

Detects changes in the internal or external environment

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5
Q

5.1 - What is the role of a coordination centre?

A

Interprets changes and organises a response

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6
Q

5.1 - Name two types of effectors and state what they do

A

The two types of effectors are muscles and glands. Muscles contract when stimulated, whilst glands release hormones.

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7
Q

5.1 - Is the nervous system or the endocrine system faster acting?

A

Nervous

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8
Q

5.1 - Which system acts more generally across the body? Nervous or endocrine?

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

5.1 - What system does homeostasis rely on? (if levels are too high/low)

A

negative feedback

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10
Q

5.1 - How does negative feedback work?

A

Any change in a system causes an action that reverses the change

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11
Q

5.2 - What passes along nerve cells?

A

Electrical impulses

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12
Q

5.2 - What is released across a synapse?

A

Chemicals

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13
Q

5.2 - What is the role of a sensory neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from a receptor to the CNS

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14
Q

5.2 - What is the role of a motor neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from the CNS to an effector

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15
Q

5.2 - What is the role of a relay neurone?

A

To transfer a signal from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone

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16
Q

5.2 - What is a reflex?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

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17
Q

5.2 - The pathway of a reflex arc

A

stimulus ➔ receptor ➔ sensory neurone ➔ relay neurone ➔ motor neurone ➔ effector ➔ response

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18
Q

5.3 - Which structure is highlighted in the image?

A

Cerebral cortex (cerebrum)

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19
Q

5.3 - What are the roles of the cerebral cortex?

A

memory, interpreting senses like hearing & vision, consciousness

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20
Q

5.3 - What is the name of the structure labelled X in the image above?

A

cerebellum

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21
Q

5.3 - What are the roles of the cerebellum?

A

Muscle coordination, balance

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22
Q

5.3 - The medulla is responsible for…

A

coordinating unconscious activities, such as regulating our breathing rate and heart rate

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23
Q

5.3 - The hypothalamus is responsible for…

A

regulating our body temperature

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24
Q

5.3 - Where in the brain is the medulla found?

A

in the brain stem

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25
Q

5.3 - What are the three main reasons treating the brain is so difficult?

A

huge range of things that could go wrong (from mental illness to infection), encased within the skull - hard to access, very complicated - hard to target with medication

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26
Q

5.4 - What is the cornea?

A

A transparent layer at the front of the eye which refracts light

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27
Q

5.4 - What is the pupil?

A

The gap through which light passes to reach the lens

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28
Q

5.4 - What are the names of the two types of receptor cells in the retina?

A

rod cells, cone cells

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29
Q

5.4 - Which light-sensitive cells in the retina enable you to see in colour?

A

Cone cells

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30
Q

5.4 - Which two stimuli are the receptor cells of the eye sensitive to?

A

Colour, Light intensity

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31
Q

5.4 - Which light sensitive cells in the retina enable you to see in the dark?

A

rod cells

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32
Q

5.4 - What is the point where light focuses on the retina?

A

fovea

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33
Q

5.4 - What is the purpose of the iris reflex?

A

To ensure the optimum amount of light enters the eye

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34
Q

5.4 - When the eye is exposed to bright light, will the pupil constrict or dilate?

A

constrict

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35
Q

5.4 - What happens to the circular and radial muscles when the pupil constricts?

A

the circular muscle contracts, the radial muscle relaxes

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36
Q

5.5 - Which two structures refract (bend) light entering the eye?

A

Cornea, lens

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37
Q

5.5 - When looking at a nearby object, the light from the object hits the eye at a wide angle. This means that the eye needs to refract the light strongly. To achieve this, what should the shape of lens be?

A

Short and fat

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38
Q

5.5 - When looking at a nearby object, the lens must be short and wide to refract the light strongly and focus the light on the retina. How do the ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments achieve this?

A

The suspensory ligaments slacken, The ciliary muscle contracts

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39
Q

5.5 - What happens to the ciliary muscle, suspensory ligaments, and the lens, when the eye focuses on a distant object?

A

The ciliary muscle relaxes, Lens is pulled tall and thin, The suspensory ligaments are pulled taut

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40
Q

5.5 - What does long-sighted mean?

A

The eye is unable to focus on nearby objects

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41
Q

5.5 - Which type of lens would the glasses for the long-sighted need to contain?

A

Convex lens

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42
Q

5.6 - Which word refers to the control of our internal body temperature?

A

Thermoregulation

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43
Q

5.6 - The human body has to be kept around which temperature?

A

37 degrees Celsius

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44
Q

5.6 - Why do we have to maintain our body temperature at 37°C?

A

It’s the optimum temperature for enzymes to function

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45
Q

5.6 - Where in the body is the thermoregulatory centre located?

A

Brain

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46
Q

5.6 - Where are the two main places temperature receptors are found throughout the body?

A

Blood vessels, Skin

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47
Q

5.6 - Which methods serve to warm the body up?

A

Constrict blood vessels near the skin, Contract erector muscles and raise body hairs, shivering

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48
Q

5.6 - Explain how shivering warms the body.

A

Shivering involves muscles contracting and relaxing automatically. This requires a lot of energy from respiration, which in the process releases a lot of heat energy as waste.

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49
Q

5.6 - Which methods help cool us down?

A

Sweating, Dilate blood vessels near the skin, Relax erector muscles and lower body hairs

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50
Q

5.6 - What is vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels near the skin become wider, increasing the flow of blood in the skin capillaries

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51
Q

5.7 - How the endocrine system works

A
  • Glands are organs that release small chemicals called hormones.
  • These chemicals are normally released into the bloodstream, allowing them to travel around the body.
  • They can then bind to specific cells that have the correct receptors.
  • This will bring about some change within the cells.
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52
Q

5.7 - Which three of the following statements are true, regarding the the pituitary gland?

A

It releases multiple hormones, It’s often referred to as the ‘master gland’, The hormones it releases control what other glands do

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53
Q

5.7 - Which gland releases thyroxine?

A

Thyroid

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54
Q

5.7 - What is the role of thyroxine?

A

It regulates metabolism

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55
Q

5.7 - If the level of thyroxine in the blood is too ___, the pituitary gland will release more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

A

low

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56
Q

5.7 - What is the role of adrenaline?

A

Stimulates fight or flight response (higher heart rate etc)

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57
Q

5.7 - Which organ is adrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal glands

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58
Q

5.7 - Which organ is insulin released from?

A

Pancreas

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59
Q

5.7 - What hormones are classed as ‘sex hormones’, and stimulate puberty?

A

Oestrogen, testosterone

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60
Q

5.7 - Which organ is testosterone released from?

A

testes

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61
Q

5.7 - Do the effects of the endocrine system or the nervous system last longer?

A

endocrine

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62
Q

5.8 - What happens if blood glucose concentrations fall too low?

A

There won’t be enough glucose for tissue cells to respire

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63
Q

5.8 - After eating, does our blood glucose concentration increase or decrease?

A

Increase

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64
Q

5.8 - Which organ detects changes in blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas

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65
Q

5.8 - Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

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66
Q

5.8 - What are the two main organs that insulin stimulates to absorb glucose from the blood?

A

Liver, muscles

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67
Q

5.8 - When glucose is absorbed by the liver for long term storage, what molecule is it converted to?

A

Glycogen

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68
Q

5.8 - How glucagon works

A
  • When blood glucose levels fall too low, it’s detected by the pancreas.
  • This causes the pancreas to release the hormone glucagon into the blood stream.
  • This hormone then travels around the body, and binds mainly to cells in the liver.
  • This stimulates those liver cells to break down their stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood.
  • This extra glucose increases blood glucose levels back up to normal.
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69
Q

5.9 - There are two different types of diabetes, but in both types the problem is that the body can’t regulate the levels of ___________ properly.

A

glucose

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70
Q

5.9 - Glucose is a type of…

A

carbohydrate

71
Q

5.9 - Which type of diabetes more commonly occurs in younger people, such as children and teenagers?

A

Type 1 diabetes

72
Q

5.9 - What is the underlying issue in type 1 diabetes?

A

The pancreas doesn’t release enough insulin

73
Q

5.9 - How is type 1 diabetes managed?

A

People with type 1 diabetes have to inject insulin after meals because they don’t produce it themselves. They also have to monitor their diets (for example not have too much sugary food), and also exercise regularly .

74
Q

5.9 - What is the underlying issue in type 2 diabetes?

A

The body’s tissues become resistant to insulin

75
Q

5.9 - What factors increase the risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

poor diet, lack of exercise

76
Q

5.9 - Which age group is more likely to get type 2 diabetes, younger or older people?

A

older

77
Q

5.10 - What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulate ion levels, regulate water levels, remove urea

78
Q

5.10 - Deamination

A
  • If the body has more amino acids than it needs, it can convert them into lipids or carbohydrates, which can be stored as an energy source for later.
  • This process is known as deamination, and takes place in the liver.
  • The downside of this process is that it produces the waste product urea, which has to be excreted by the kidney.
79
Q

5.10 - Select two ways ions be removed from the body?

A

By sweating, by the kidneys

80
Q

5.10 - If we have too much water in the body, what could happen to our cells?

A

They could gain water and burst

81
Q

5.10 - Cells can gain or lose water by __________.

A

Osmosis

82
Q

5.10 - Each kidney contains millions of tiny units called ________.

A

Nephrons

83
Q

5.10 - As blood passes through the kidneys, small substances like glucose, amino acids, and water, are absorbed from the blood into the kidneys. What do we call this process?

A

Filtration

84
Q

5.10 - As the filtrate passes through the kidneys, useful substances like glucose are reabsorbed from the tubules, into the blood. What do we call this process?

A

Selective reabsorption

85
Q

5.10 - Which substances are not filtered from the blood into the kidney tubules?

A

Large proteins, red blood cells

86
Q

5.10 - Which hormone is responsible for regulating water levels in the body?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

87
Q

5.10 - Which part of the brain detects the level of water in the body?

A

Hypothalamus

88
Q

5.10 - How the body responds to low water levels

A
  • A part of the brain called the hypothalamus detects the low concentration of water in the bloodstream.
  • This causes it to send a signal to the pituitary gland, which tells it to release more antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
  • The ADH travels around the body in the blood, and stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the tubules into the blood.
  • This means that less urine will be made, and the concentration of water in the blood rises.
89
Q

5.11 - Blood enters the kidneys via the renal ________ and leaves via the renal _____.

A

arteries, veins

90
Q

5.11 - Which structure carries urine from the bladder out of the body?

A

Urethra

91
Q

5.11 - True or false? Selective reabsorption takes place throughout the nephron.

A

TRUE

92
Q

5.11 - How much urea is selectively reabsorbed?

A

None

93
Q

5.11 - How many ions are selectively reabsorbed?

A

It depends on how many we already have in the blood

94
Q

5.11 - How much glucose is selectively reabsorbed?

A

Almost all

95
Q

5.12 - What are the consequences of kidney failure?

A

Poor regulation of ion levels, Increase in waste products like urea

96
Q

5.12 - Which of these are treatments for kidney failure?

A

Kidney transplant, dialysis

97
Q

5.12 - In a dialysis machine, why is it important that the membrane between the blood and dialysis fluid is partially permeable?

A

To only allow some substances to diffuse across

98
Q

5.12 - In a dialysis machine, why is it important to continually pump fresh dialysis fluid through the machine?

A

To maintain a concentration gradient for diffusion across the membrane

99
Q

5.12 - If a person has too much sodium in their blood, which way will the sodium diffuse during dialysis?

A

From their blood into the dialysis fluid

100
Q

5.12 - Dialysis fluid contains _________________ of useful substances as healthy blood.

A

the same concentration

101
Q

5.12 - What are the downsides of dialysis?

A

It is time consuming, There is a risk of infection, It is expensive to run

102
Q

5.12 - If a patient has a kidney transplant, what type of drugs are they required to take for the rest of their lives?

A

Immunosuppressants

103
Q

5.12 - Rejection of a transplanted organ

A
  • The main risk with kidney transplants is that the organ will be rejected.
  • This can happen because the body’s immune system treats the transplanted organ as a foreign object, and so tries to destroy it.
  • We can reduce the risk of this happening by using medications to suppress the immune system.
104
Q

5.12 - In the long term, which is cheaper: a kidney transplant, or dialysis?

A

Kidney transplant

105
Q

5.13 - _______ is the period in which adolescents start to develop secondary sexual characteristics.

A

Puberty

106
Q

5.13 - The term ‘secondary sexual characteristics’ refers to the bodily changes that take place during puberty. Which of the following are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Breast development, Deepening voice, Increase in height, More muscle mass

107
Q

5.13 - Which organ is oestrogen released from?

A

Ovaries

108
Q

5.13 - How long does the average menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days

109
Q

5.13 - What happens in stage one of the menstrual cycle?

A

Period of bleeding as the uterus lining breaks down

110
Q

5.13 - What is the name of stage one of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation

111
Q

5.13 - What happens in stage two of the menstrual cycle?

A

Building up of the uterus lining

112
Q

5.13 - What happens in stage three of the menstrual cycle?

A

Release of the egg from the ovaries

113
Q

5.13 - What is the name of stage three of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation

114
Q

5.13 - What happens in stage four of the menstrual cycle?

A

Maintenance of uterus lining

115
Q

5.13 - What happens after stage four if there is no fertilised egg?

A

The cycle starts again

116
Q

5.13 - True or false? If a fertilised egg implants into the uterus lining then the menstrual cycle stops and the lining is maintained.

A

TRUE

117
Q

5.13 - Which hormone stimulates the uterus lining to develop?

A

Oestrogen

118
Q

5.13 - Which organ are both luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone released from?

A

Pituitary Gland

119
Q

5.13 - Which hormone stimulates the egg to be released around day 14 (ovulation)?

A

Luteinising hormone (LH)

120
Q

5.13 - Which hormone stimulates the egg follicle to mature?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

121
Q

5.13 - Which hormone maintains the lining of the uterus?

A

Progesterone

122
Q

5.14 - What is contraception?

A

A method or device used to prevent pregnancy

123
Q

5.14 - Which of the following must occur for somebody to become pregnant naturally?

A

The fertilised egg must implant into the uterus lining, sperm must reach and fertilise the egg, an egg must be released from the ovaries

124
Q

5.14 - Which hormones can hormonal contraceptives contain?

A

Progesterone, oestrogen

125
Q

5.14 - How can oestrogen act as a contraceptive?

A

Inhibit FSH production, so that eggs can’t mature

126
Q

5.14 - How can progesterone act as a contraceptive?

A

Stimulate the production of mucus in the cervix, so sperm can’t enter the uterus

127
Q

5.14 - Which of the following contraceptive methods is the longest lasting?

A

Intrauterine device

128
Q

5.14 - Which of the following contraceptive methods is the shortest lasting?

A

Contraceptive patch

129
Q

5.14 - Which of the following methods of contraception is the most invasive?

A

Contraceptive implant

130
Q

5.14 - Condoms are the only contraceptives that protect against…

A

Sexually transmitted diseases/infections

131
Q

5.14 - How does a spermicide act as a contraceptive?

A

Destroy the sperm cells

132
Q

5.14 - If a women undergoes sterilisation, which structure is cut and tied?

A

Fallopian tubes / oviducts

133
Q

5.14 - If a man undergoes sterilisation, which structure is cut and tied?

A

sperm duct

134
Q

5.15 - If a woman cannot conceive naturally, she can be given________ ___________ _______ (FSH) and ___________ _______ (LH), which in many cases will restore fertility.

A

follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone

135
Q

5.15 - IVF stands for…

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

136
Q

5.15 - The stages of in vitro fertilisation

A
  • First, a woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate their eggs to mature.
  • These eggs can then be collected from the woman’s ovaries. Sperm is also collected from the male.
  • The eggs are then fertilised by the sperm.
  • These fertilised eggs are then left to grow into embryos in a laboratory incubator.
  • Once the embryos are large enough, they are transferred to the women’s uterus, so that they can develop into a foetus.
137
Q

5.15 - What is Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)?

A

Sperm is injected into an egg cell with a tiny needle

138
Q

5.15 - Why are embryos kept in an incubator whilst in the laboratory?

A

To provide the optimum temperature for enzymes and thus cell growth

139
Q

5.15 - Why do some people think IVF is unethical?

A

It could lead to ‘designer babies’ if parents can select embryos with certain traits, Some embryos (which had the potential for human life) are destroyed

140
Q

5.15 - During IVF, where are the egg and sperm mixed?

A

In a laboratory

141
Q

5.16 - Which organ is adrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal gland

142
Q

5.16 - What effect does adrenaline have on heart rate?

A

It increases heart rate

143
Q

5.16 - When is adrenaline released?

A

When you’re scared

144
Q

5.16 - Adrenaline causes changes in the body to prepare for a ‘fight or flight’ response. Describe 3 of these changes.

A

Increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, increase blood flow to muscles, increases blood sugar (glucose) levels

145
Q

5.16 - Adrenaline causes the conversion of which substances?

A

Glycogen → glucose

146
Q

5.16 - Which organ is thyroxine released from?

A

Thyroid gland

147
Q

5.16 - What is the main role of thyroxine?

A

To increase your metabolic rate

148
Q

5.16 - Which organ is TSH released from?

A

Pituitary gland

149
Q

5.16 - What does TSH stand for?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

150
Q

5.16 - Does thyroxine stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland from releasing TSH?

A

inhibit

151
Q

5.16 - Does TSH stimulate or inhibit the thyroid gland from releasing thyroxine?

A

Stimulate

152
Q

5.16 - Which type of feedback is involved in the regulation of thyroxine levels?

A

Negative feedback

153
Q

5.16 - Describe what will happen when thyroxine levels are too high.

A

If thyroxine levels are too high the thyroxine will inhibit the pituitary gland from producing TSH. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine, so less TSH means that the thyroid gland won’t release as much thyroxine, and so over time thyroxine levels in the blood fall back to normal. This is an example of negative feedback.

154
Q

5.17 - Which stimuli can plants detect?

A

gravity, touch, light

155
Q

5.17 - _________ are a family of plant hormones produced in the tips of shoots and roots. Once produced, they diffuse backwards along the shoot or root.

A

auxins

156
Q

5.17 - Which two of the terms below mean the same thing?

A

geotropism, gravitropism

157
Q

5.17 - Auxins always accumulate on the…

A

lower side, shaded side

158
Q

5.17 - Shoots are considered…

A

positively phototropic / negatively geotropic

159
Q

5.17 - Which statement about plant roots is correct?

A

they are negatively phototropic but positively gravitropic

160
Q

5.17 - State which direction the plant shoot in the image above will grow, and explain why.

A

The shoot will grow towards the left. This is because the light is on the left, and so auxins will accumulate on the right side (which will be in the shade). Auxins stimulate growth in shoots, so the right side of the shoot will grow faster, causing the shoot to lean over to the left.

161
Q

5.17 - What is a phototropism?

A

A response to light

162
Q

5.17 - Where are auxins made in the plant?

A

in the growing tip of a stem or root

163
Q

5.17 - What happens to make a root grow in the direction of the force of gravity?

A

the top side grows more than the bottom side

164
Q

5.17 - What is positive phototropism?

A

plants grow towards the light source

165
Q

5.17 - What effects do auxins have on plants?

A

shoot cell growth and root cell inhibition

166
Q

5.17 - Tip for remembering which side of the shoot or root auxins accumulate on

A
  • Light breaks down auxin, so there will be more auxin on the shaded side.
  • Gravity pulls auxins downwards, so there will be more auxin on the lower side.
167
Q

5.18 - Which of the following are plant hormones?

A

Ethene, gibberellin, auxin

168
Q

5.18 - What are auxins?

A

a family of plant hormones

169
Q

5.18 - What are three uses of auxins in agriculture and horticulture?

A

in weedkillers, rooting powders and to promote growth in tissue culture

170
Q

5.18 - Auxins stimulate cells to grow and divide, so how can they be used as weedkillers?

A

If large amount of auxins are added to plants, it can disrupt their growth process by overstimulating them. This can kill the plant.

171
Q

5.18 - Which option below is describing the process of germination?

A

seeds begin to develop and grow

172
Q

5.18 - Which plant hormone can stimulate a plant to geminate?

A

gibberellin

173
Q

5.18 - Which hormone is responsible for inducing fruit to ripen?

A

ethene

174
Q

5.18 - Explain how ethene is used in the transport of food.

A

Ethene stimulates fruit to ripen, fruit is picked unripe so that it’s still hard…, which means it isn’t damaged during transport or storage, ethene can then be used to ripen the fruit so that it’s soft for consumers

Biology GCSE TRIPLE (10 decks)

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