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Biology GCSE TRIPLE > Biology P1 red questions > Flashcards

Biology P1 red questions Flashcards

poorly answered topics on cognito to revise

1
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

magnification = image size / object size

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2
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

cells that make up who we are, they have a purpose and adaptations to fulfill said purpose

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3
Q

What are some examples of specialised cells?

A

(for animals) muscle cells, sperm cells, nerve cells (for plants) root hair cells, phloem cells, xylem cells

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4
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised

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5
Q

What are specialised exchange surfaces?

A

parts of an organism over which they exchange substances with their environment

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6
Q

What are some examples of specialised exchange surfaces in both plants and humans?

A

humans have alveoli in lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, plants have root hair cells and leaves for water and carbon dioxide absorption from soil and air respectively

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7
Q

WHat are the 5 main features of specialised exchange surfaces?

A

large surface area, surfaces are very thin, surfaces are permeable, good supply of blood, good supply of external medium

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8
Q

What are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts which increase the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the process, large proteins which can fold up to create a unique enzyme

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9
Q

Enzymes have an active site which is complementary to the substrates. If the substrate doesn’t fit, what happens?

A

The reaction will not be catalysed, showing how specific enzymes are about which reactions they speed up

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10
Q

What is the lock and key model for enzymes?

A

initially scientists thought the substrate had to fit perfectly into the active site, therefore comparing it to a lock and key

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11
Q

What is the induced fit model for enzymes?

A

the active site being complementary to the substrate (the enzyme changes shape slightly as it binds to the substrate)

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12
Q

How does temperature affect enzymes?

A

High temperatures break the bonds that hold enzymes together as the active site starts to change shape. if it changes shape enough, it would be able to bind to the substrate and become denatured

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13
Q

How does pH affect enzymes?

A

Some bonds will start to break, the active site starts to change shape (substrate will fit but less well. if it changes shape enough, it would be able to bind to the substrate and become denatured

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14
Q

Where are carbohydrates found and what are they used for?

A

found in starchy foods, provide energy for chemical reactions and movement

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15
Q

Where are lipids found and what are they used for?

A

found in oily fish + nuts + seeds + avocados, provide energy and insulation

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16
Q

Where are proteins used for?

A

building blocks for tissue growth and repair

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17
Q

Why are carbohydrates and lipids essential?

A

for maintaining proper bodily functions

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18
Q

How are vitamins and mineral ions similar?

A

there are lots of different types of each and we only need them in small amounts

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19
Q

How are vitamins and mineral ions different?

A

vitamins are organic molecules, minerals are inorganic and simpler

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20
Q

What are some examples of vitamins?

A

Vitamin A (found in liver + leafy vegs, for good vision, healthy skin + hair), Vitamin C (found in fruit + vegs, for preventing scurvy), Vitamin D (can be made in body via sunlight, found in eggs, oily fish, etc., for absorbing calcium)

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21
Q

What are some examples of mineral ions?

A

Calcium (found in dairy products + leafy vegs, for strong bones), iron (found in red meats/spinach/beans, imortant component of haemoglobin, could lead to anaemia with too little)

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22
Q

Where is fibre found and what is it used for?

A

found in wholemeal foods + fruits + vegs, helps food move through intestines properly

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23
Q

Where is water found and what is it used for?

A

found in drinks + foods like strawberries and oranges, needed for chemical reactions and maintaining the body’s water concentration (lost through sweating, breathing, urinating)

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24
Q

How do you prepare foods for food tests?

A

breaking it down with mortar and pestle > put crushed food in beaker w/ distilled water > mix w/ glass rod until dissolved > filter mixture so any solid chunks are removed

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25
Q

What does the Benedict’s test test for?

A

reducing sugars

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26
Q

What is the process of the Benedict’s test?

A

Transfer 5cm cubed of food sample into test tube > set water bath at 75°C > add 10 drops of benedict’s solution > place in water bath for 5 mins > check solution for reducing sugars > Solution changes color based on concentration. (blue = no, green/yellow/brick red = yes)

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27
Q

What does the iodine test test for?

A

starch

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28
Q

What is the process of the iodine test?

A

Take 5 cm cubed food sample in test tube > Add iodine solution, turning it browny-orange > Gently shake test tube to detect starch > Solution changes to blue/black if present

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29
Q

What does the biuret test test for?

A

proteins

30
Q

What is the process of the biuret test?

A

Add 2cm cubed food sample and then 2cm cubed biuret solution to test tube > Gently shake to mix > If proteins present, solution turns pink/purple

31
Q

What does the sudan III test test for?

A

lipids

32
Q

What is the process of the sudan III test?

A

Take 5 cm cubed food sample in test tube > Add 3 drops to test tube > Gently shake > if lipids present, stained with bright red layer

33
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

Air enters the body through the nose/mouth through trachea into lungs dividing between two bronchi, dividing into bronchioles, and alveoli for gas exchange.

34
Q

How are alveoli adapted for their function?

A

single thin layer increasing diffusion rate of carbon dioxide and oxygen due to a shorter pathway, very large surface area, moist walls allowing gases to dissolve increasing diffusion rate, good concentration gradient between the alveoli and blood capillary.

35
Q

What is the equation for breathing rate?

A

Breathing rate = no. of breaths taken / no. of mins

36
Q

What are red blood cells and what do they do?

A

make up half of our blood by volume, red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues for cellular respiration. They contain haemoglobin, which combines with oxygen that diffuses into cells when travelling around body

37
Q

What are some adaptations of the red blood cell?

A

no nucleus (more space for haemoglobin + oxygen), shaped like a biconcave disk (large surface area for absorbing oxygen)

38
Q

What amount of the blood do white blood cells make up?

A

1% of our blood - still essential part of immune systems, defending us against infection

39
Q

What are the three ways white blood cells protect us against pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis (blood cell will engulf pathogen), antibody production (binds onto pathogens, helping destroying them), antitoxin production (neutralises any toxins)

40
Q

In what way are white blood cells unlike red blood cells?

A

White blood cells have a nucleus, red blood cells don’t

41
Q

What are platelets?

A

NOT CELLS so no nucleus - small fragments of cells that float about in the blood

42
Q

What do platelets do?

A

When the body gets a cut, they flow to said cut and patch it up like a glue (clotting), preventing blood flowing out and microorganisms coming in

43
Q

What does blood plasma do?

A

Makes blood watery so it can flow, carries everything (red/white blood cell, platelets, glucose, amino acids, waste products (Co₂, urea), hormones, proteins, antibodies, antitoxins)

44
Q

How can blood be replaced?

A

blood transfusion (gives real blood from donor - all necessary components are there), artificial blood (salt water, adds volume to circulatory system (keeps vessels full and allows heart to keep pumping, no red blood cells - only replaces a third of blood)

45
Q

What is translocation?

A

the movement of sugars in plants from the leaves to other parts of the plant via phloem tubes

46
Q

What is transpiration?

A

the movement of water and mineral ions from roots to leaves for use in photosynthesis via xylem tubes

47
Q

How are new medicines developed?

A

antigens + plants have evolved, creating new substances which can be used to develop medicines

48
Q

What are examples of some developed medicines?

A

aspirin (chemical found in willow tree bark), penicillin (fungus that grew on Flemming’s petri dish)

49
Q

What are the three things to keep in mind when testing drugs?

A

efficacy (how effective), toxicity (how harmful), dosage (how much)

50
Q

What are the preclinical stages of drug testing?

A

testing on human cells + tissues (can be grown in lab), testing on live animals (for efficacy + toxicity)

51
Q

What are the clinical stages of drug testing?

A

give to healthy volunteers with a low and slowly increasing dose (for dosage), given to someone suffering w/ illness (for optimum dosage + max efficacy + min toxicity)

52
Q

How do you ensure a testing process is fair and valid?

A

volunteers should be blind to drugs and given half real + half placebo - doctors could also be blind to it (double blind) which prevents bias, then peer-reviewed

53
Q

How can we tell a plant has a disease?

A

take basic observations and match to symptoms in a gardening manual (for example) or send to a plant pathologist

54
Q

What are some examples of physical plant defences?

A

waxy cuticle, cellulose cell walls, layer of dead cells (e.g. bark)

55
Q

What are some examples of chemical plant defences?

A

anti-microbial, poisons, drugs derived from plants

56
Q

What are some examples of mechanical plant defences?

A

thorns, hairs, leaves that curl of droop

57
Q

How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?

A

photosynthesis rate plateaus, something else must be a limiting factor

58
Q

How does temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

Rate rises initially, then starts to drop after optimum temp due to enzymes denaturing

59
Q

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?

A

photosynthesis rate plateaus, something else must be a limiting factor

60
Q

How does chlorophyll amount affect photosynthesis?

A

chlorophyll level within a plant can differ due to disease, environmental stress, or lack of nutrients

61
Q

What can be done to recreate the effectors of photosynthesis?

A

colder climates (greenhouses - including CO₂ pump for heat + CO₂, enclosed so lack of pests, farmers use fertilisers (enough nutrients), bit expensive though)

62
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

states that the intensity of light decreases proportionally to the square of the distance from its source

63
Q

What is the formula for the inverse square law?

A

light intensity ⍺ 1/distance²

64
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

more common respiration, takes place when enough oxygen and continously

65
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

mitochondria - site of respiration

66
Q

What is the word equation of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

67
Q

What is the symbol equation of aerobic respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

68
Q

How is aerobic and anaerobic respiration different?

A

aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without oxygen

69
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

less common respiration - only done when necessary (e.g. oxygen can’t keep up during vigorous exercise)

70
Q

What is the word equation of anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose -> lactic acid

71
Q

What is the word equation of anaerobic respiration in plants + yeast?

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide#

Biology GCSE TRIPLE (10 decks)

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