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Biology GCSE TRIPLE > B1 - Cell biology - Cognito Notes > Flashcards

B1 - Cell biology - Cognito Notes Flashcards

Covering cell structure, cell division, and transport in cells

1
Q

What does the structure of both an animal and plant cell contain?

A

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes

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2
Q

What does the structure of a plant cell have which an animal cell doesn’t?

A

Cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

Controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material / DNA

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions takes place

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the mitochondria?

A

Provide cells with the energy they need to function

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

Made up of cellulose, provides support and structure to cell

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the vacuole?

A

contains cell sap

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll

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11
Q

What does the structure of a prokaryotic bacterial cell contain?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, NO NUCLEUS - DNA is contained in circular strand floating in cytoplasm

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12
Q

What does the structure of some bacterial cells contain?

A

Plasmids (Extra genes for antibiotic resistance), flagella (propels the bacteria allowing movement)

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13
Q

What does the light source of a microscope do?

A

reflects light through the stage and lenses

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14
Q

What does the stage of a microscope do?

A

where microscope slide is placed

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15
Q

What does the objective lens of a microscope do?

A

changes the magnifcation

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16
Q

What does the eyepiece lens of a microscope do?

A

has a fixed magnification

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17
Q

What does the coarse/fine focusing knob of a microscope do?

A

focuses image of microscope

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18
Q

In terms of microscopy, what is an object?

A

the real object/sample you are looking at

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19
Q

In terms of microscopy, what is an image?

A

how the object is seen when looking through a microscope

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20
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

light reflects through the stage and the object, passes through both lenses (which spread out light rays) and hits our eyes

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21
Q

What is magnification?

A

how many times larger an image is compared to the object

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22
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

magnification = image size / object size

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23
Q

What is resolution?

A

measure of a how detailed an image is

24
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a light microscope?

A

✔️easy to use, relatively cheap ✖️resolution is limited due to reliance on light

25
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an electron microscope?

A

✔️use electrons instead of light which improves max resolution ✖️very expensive, hard to use

26
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

cells that make up who we are, they have a purpose and adaptations to fulfill said purpose

27
Q

What are some examples of specialised cells?

A

(for animals) muscle cells, sperm cells, nerve cells (for plants) root hair cells, phloem cells, xylem cells

28
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised

29
Q

What are the conditions needed for bacterial growth?

A

warm temperature, good nutrient availability, moist conditions, presence/absence of oxygen

30
Q

Why are nutrient broth and agar jelly used for the growth of bacteria?

A

they are both nutrient-rich substances, which is good as bacteria need a mixture of nutrients to reproduce

31
Q

What are some aseptic technqiues for preventing contamination?

A

cleaning surfaces with disinfectant, washing hands in antiseptic soap, sterilising all instruments/solutions/mediums, growing in incubators set to a maximum of 25°C

32
Q

How do you calculate the area of zones of inhibition? (where an antibiotic works against bacteria, aka that one annoying question that we ALWAYS get wrong)

A

area = pi x radius squared (area of a circle)

33
Q

What are specialised exchange surfaces?

A

parts of an organism over which they exchange substances with their environment

34
Q

What are some examples of specialised exchange surfaces in both plants and humans?

A

humans have alveoli in lungs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, plants have root hair cells and leaves for water and carbon dioxide absorption from soil and air respectively

35
Q

WHat are the 5 main features of specialised exchange surfaces?

A

large surface area, surfaces are very thin, surfaces are permeable, good supply of blood, good supply of external medium

36
Q

What is mitosis?

A

cell division where chromosomes split to form two daughter cells

37
Q

What are the steps of the cell cycle?

A

Cellular growth - cell gets larger, produces more organelles -> DNA replication - chromosomes duplicate -> Mitosis - chromosomes split to opposite sides of the cell -> cytokinesis - cell divides to form two identicall daughter cells

38
Q

What are the two key features of stem cells?

A

they are divisible by mitosis to form more cells, they are able to differentiate into specialised cells

39
Q

What can an embryonic stem cell do and what are some examples?

A

differentiate into any type of cell (e.g. nerve, skin, red blood cell)

40
Q

What can an adult stem cell do and what are some examples?

A

can divide by mitosis but only differentiate into types of blood cells (e.g. platelets, white/red blood cells)

41
Q

Where are plant stem cells found and what do they do?

A

found in meristems, will differentiate to phloem + xylem, palisade, root hair cell

42
Q

How are stem cells used to treat conditions caused by faulty cells?

A

extracting embryonic stem cells from early embryos, growing them in lab, stimulating them to differentiate into specialised cells

43
Q

What are some of the issues of using stem cells in medicine?

A

the need of embryonic stem cells (limited supply + ethical concerns), rejection of stem cells due to different genomes (can be mitigated with immunosuppressants)

44
Q

What is binary fission?

A

process in which prokaryotic organisms like bacteria divide and reproduce (asexual reproduction)

45
Q

How is binary fission not like mitosis/meiosis?

A

Mitosis/meiosis happens in eukaryotic cells, binary fission in prokaryotic

46
Q

What is the process of binary fission?

A

(1) grow (2) replicate genetic material (3) dna moves to both sides of cell (4) cell wall start to grow down middle (5) cells pull apart when cell wall is fully grown

47
Q

What is diffusion?

A

net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, can happen in both gases and liquids

48
Q

Diffusion can takes place across a partially permeable membrane. What’s that?

A

a membrane where only some molecules can diffuse through (e.g. water, glucose, amino acids)

49
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

difference in concentration between 2 places (e.g high c.g. = high diffusion rate)

50
Q

What are some factors that affect diffusion?

A

temperature (higher temp. = higher diffusion rate), Surface area (larger surface area = higher diffusion rate)

51
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of higher water concentration, to a region of lower water concentration

52
Q

What is water concentration?

A

amount of water compared to other molecules that are dissolved in the water

53
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, requiring energy from cellular respiration

54
Q

How does active transport work in root hair cells?

A

root hair cells in the roots of plants absorb water and mineral ions (needed to survive in soil) thanks to its long hair-like protrusions

55
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratio and what does it show?

A

how big surface area is VS how big volume is, as organisms get larger the ratio decreases

56
Q

Bacteria has a high surface area to volume ratio. What does this mean?

A

it allows bacteria to rely on diffusion for exchange

57
Q

Humans have a low surface area to volume ratio. What does this mean?

A

It means humans require specialised exchanges systems

Biology GCSE TRIPLE (10 decks)

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