C3.2 Defence against disease

Question 1

Categories of Pathogens

Answer 1

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Parasitic Worms

Question 2

Skin’s Role in Primary Defence

Answer 2

Acts as a physical barrier, secretes antimicrobial substances

Question 3

Mucous Membranes’ Role in Primary Defence

Answer 3

Trap pathogens, contain immune cells, secretions neutralize pathogens

Question 4

Blood Clotting Process

Answer 4

Injury triggers platelet plug formation, clotting factors activate, fibrinogen converts to fibrin, forming a stable clot

Question 5

Innate vs. Adaptive Immune System

Answer 5

Innate: Non-specific, immediate response. Adaptive: Specific, memory-based response

Question 6

Role of Phagocytes

Answer 6

Engulf and digest pathogens, part of innate immunity

Question 7

Types of Phagocytes

Answer 7

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells

Question 8

Steps in Phagocytosis

Answer 8

1. Recognition, 2. Engulfment, 3. Formation of Phagosome, 4. Fusion with Lysosome, 5. Digestion of Pathogen, 6. Expulsion of Waste

Question 9

Lymphocytes in Adaptive Immunity

Answer 9

B and T cells target specific antigens and form memory cells for rapid future responses

Question 10

Antigen and Antibody Production

Answer 10

Antigens prompt immune system to produce specific antibodies

Question 11

B-Lymphocyte Activation by Helper T-Cells

Answer 11

Helper T-cells trigger B-cell activation for antigen response

Question 12

Function of Activated B-Lymphocytes

Answer 12

Produce antibodies and memory B-cells for lasting immunity

Question 13

Clonal Selection Theory

Answer 13

Specific B-cells activated by matching antigens for targeted response

Question 14

Memory Cells in Immunity

Answer 14

Long-lived cells for quicker, efficient response to known antigens

Question 15

Primary vs Secondary Immune Response

Answer 15

First exposure vs faster, stronger response on re-exposure

Question 16

Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells

Answer 16

Present antigens to T-cells, initiating immune activation

Question 17

HIV Transmission

Answer 17

Transmitted through sexual contact, shared needles, contaminated blood, and mother-to-child

Question 18

HIV Effect on Immune System

Answer 18

Destroys CD4+ T lymphocytes, weakening immune defense

Question 19

Antibiotics Purpose

Answer 19

Treats bacterial infections, ineffective against viruses

Question 20

Bacterial Resistance Causes

Answer 20

Overuse/misuse of antibiotics, genetic mutations

Question 21

Zoonotic Diseases Transmission

Answer 21

Spread from animals to humans via contact, food, vectors

Question 22

Vaccines and Immunity

Answer 22

Stimulate immune response, mimic infection safely

Question 23

Herd Immunity Concept

Answer 23

Community immunity reducing disease spread

Question 24

COVID-19 Data Analysis

Answer 24

Involves case numbers, mortality, vaccination rates

Question 25

HIV Life Cycle

Answer 25

Involves attachment, replication, and virus release

Question 26

Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms

Answer 26

Alters drug target, inactivates or expels antibiotic

Question 27

Vaccine Types

Answer 27

Includes live, inactivated, subunit, mRNA vaccines

Question 28

COVID-19 Vaccine Development

Answer 28

Rapid development, clinical trials, mRNA technology