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Anatomy > Eye and Ear > Flashcards

Eye and Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Which embryonic layer forms the structures of the eye (specifically cornea and lens)?

A

Surface ectoderm

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2
Q

What 3 things make up the whole “eye”?

A

-Ocular bulb (eyeball)
-Adnexa (stuff around it)
-CNS (vison processing)

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3
Q

What occurs during eye formation/induction?

A

A brain outgrowth (optic vesicle then becomes optic cup) induces ectoderm to form lens placode/vesicle. The lens placode/vesicle then induces ectoderm to form the cornea

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4
Q

What structures does neural ectoderm form in the eye?

A

Optic nerve and retina

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5
Q

What is the difference between the visual axis and the optic axis?

A

Visual Axis: receives the most precise amount of light (a lil slanted)
Optic Axis: The horizontal axis of the eyeball

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6
Q

What structures make up the outer fibrous tunic?

A

Sclera and cornea

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7
Q

What structures make up the middle vascular tunic (aka uvea)?

A

-Choroid
-Ciliary body
-Iris
-Lens (AVASCULAR)

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8
Q

Which structure makes up the inner nervous tunic?

A

Retina

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9
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

The junction between where there are photoreceptors and where there aren’t

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10
Q

What is the area called between the sclera and the cornea?

A

Limbus

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11
Q

What is the cribiform area and what is it continuous with?

A

The cribiform area is where the axons of the retina pass into the optic nerve (CN2). Its continuous with the dura mater of CN2

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12
Q

How is the cornea transparent?

A

Lamellar collagen is oriented at 90 degrees

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13
Q

Which layer contains the tapetum lucidem in some animals?

A

The choroid. It sits behind the retina and sends like back to increase photoreceptor stimulation

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14
Q

What is a ciliary body?

A

A choroid thickening with smooth muscle and zonular fibers that suspend the lens and allow for accommodation (focus light on retina)

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15
Q

What are the two muscles in the iris and what do they do?

A

Sphincter (concentric) muscle that contracts and makes pupil smaller.
Dilator (radial) muscle that contracts and makes pupil bigger.

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16
Q

Which cells in the retina send axons to CN2 through the cribiform area in the sclera?

A

Ganglionic cells

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17
Q

What is the macula/fovea?

A

The area of highest visual acuity, densest concentration of receptor cells, defines the visual axis

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18
Q

Which structures refract light?

A

-Cornea
-Lens
-Aqueous humor in anterior chamber
-Vitreous humor in posterior chamber

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19
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

Fluid in the anterior chamber that is produced by the ciliary bodies and continuously replaced. Provides pressure, nutrition, and refraction.

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20
Q

What does aqueous humor drain through?

A

A venous plexus

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21
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A

Jelly-like stuff in the posterior chamber. It doesn’t get replaced, holds the retina in place, and refracts light

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22
Q

What 3 structures make up the eye socket?

A

-Bony orbit
-Fascia
-Ocular fat

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23
Q

What kind of structures are included in the fascia of the eye socket?

A

-Periorbita (fibrous, continuours with orbit bone periosteum)
-Superficial muscular (levator palpebri, lacrimal gland, fat)
-Deep muscular (ocular muscles, fat)

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24
Q

What is the function of having ocular fat?

A

Padding, allows for easy movement of eyeball

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25
Q

What are the extraocular muscles?

A

-Dorsal, ventral, medial, and lateral rectus muscles
-Dorsal and ventral oblique muscles
-Retractor bulbi

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26
Q

What are the dorsal and ventral oblique eye muscles deflected around?

A

Deflected around trochlea in orbit.

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27
Q

What is the function of the extraocular oblique muscles?

A

Compensate for rotation caused by rectus muscles and axial rotation (visual axis and cone axis aren’t aligned)

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28
Q

What does the retractor bulbi muscle do?

A

Pulls eyeball caudally into socket

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29
Q

Where do all the extraocular muscles originate? (except for ventral oblique)

A

At the apex of the bony orbit near orbital fissure

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30
Q

Where does the ventral oblique muscle originate?

A

From the medial wall of the orbit

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31
Q

What are the 3 layers of the palpebrae (eyelids)?

A

-Outer skin
-Middle musculofibrous
-Inner mucous membrane (conjunctiva)

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32
Q

What structures are included in the middle musculofibrous layer of the eyelids?

A

-Orbicularis oculi
-Levator palpebri
-Tarsus and tarsus glands

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33
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A continuous membrane between lids and bulb that meet at the fornices

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34
Q

What is the nictitating membrane (conjunctival fold)?

A

A third eyelid in animals, supported by cartilage and closes when the outer eyelids close

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35
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located and what does it do?

A

Located dorsolaterally to eye, produces aqueous fluid (tears)

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36
Q

What are the holes called that tears drain into?

A

Puncta lacrimalia

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37
Q

Which duct to tears drain into?

A

Nasolacrimal duct and evaporate in nasal cavity

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38
Q

What does tear film contain?

A

A fatty film from the tarsal glands and mucous from goblet cells in conjunctiva

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39
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the eye and its adnexa?

A

External opthalmic artery

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40
Q

Which artery does the external opthalmic artery branch from?

A

Maxillary artery

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41
Q

What do the ciliary arteries supply blood to?

A

Retina
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

42
Q

What is the path of venous drainage in the eye?

A

From vorticose veins into the superior and inferior opthalmic veins, then to cavernous sinus/pterygoid plexus

43
Q

How many cranial nerves innervate the eye?

A

6 (CN2-7)

44
Q

What type of nerve is CN2 (optic) and what does it innervate?

A

SSA.
Sensory input to brain

45
Q

What type of nerve is CN3 (oculomotor) and what does it innervate?

A

SE, VE.
D, V, M recti
V oblique
retractor bulbi
levator palpebri
Ciliary body
Iris sphincter and dilator

46
Q

What type of nerve is CN4 (trochlear) and what does it innervate?

A

SE.
Dorsal oblique

47
Q

What type of nerve is CN5 (trigeminal) and what does it innervate?

A

SA.
Opthalmic branch: Long ciliary, lacrimal, supraorbital nn.
Maxillary branch: Zygomatic (to lower eyelid)

48
Q

What type of nerve is CN6 (abducens) and what does it innervate?

A

SE.
Lateral rectus
Retractor bulbi

49
Q

What type of nerve is CN7 (facial) and what does it innervate?

A

SE.
Auriculopalpebral nn. to orbicularis oculi

50
Q

What does having eyes on the front of the head improve?

A

Stereoscopic vision (depth perception).
Better for predators

51
Q

What does having eyes on the side of the head improve?

A

Field of vision. Seen in prey species

52
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the ear structures?

A

CN8 (vestibulocochlear)

53
Q

What does the vestibule part of the vestibulocochlear organ do?

A

Perception of position and movement of head and body in space

54
Q

What does the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear organ do?

A

Perception of sound (hearing)

55
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up the ear?

A

External ear
Middle ear
Internal ear

56
Q

What structures make up the external ear?

A

-Auricle (pinna)
-External auditory meatus
-Tympanic membrane

57
Q

What structures make up the middle ear?

A

-Tympanic cavity
-Auditory ossicles
-Auditory (eustachian tube)

58
Q

What structures make up the internal ear?

A

-Vestibular apparatus
-Cochlea

59
Q

What is the internal ear contained within?

A

Petrous temporal

60
Q

Which parts of the ear are involved in hearing and which parts are involved in balance?

A

Hearing: external, middle and internal
Balance: Internal only

61
Q

What are the functions of the auricle?

A

-Receives and directs soundwaves through meatus towards tympanic membrane
-Protects ear canal and tympanic membrane

62
Q

How can auricles be independently mobile?

A

If cartilage and auricular muscles are sufficient (from auriculopalpebral branch of CN7)

63
Q

What are features of the external acoustic meatus?

A

-Long and curved
-Distal cartilaginous part (long)
-Proximal osseous part (short)

64
Q

What epithelium is the external acoustic meatus lined with and what do the glands in it produce?

A

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Sebaceous glands produce cerumen (earwax)

65
Q

What are the 3 histologic layers of the tympanic membrane?

A

1) Outer epithelial lining
2) Connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres (tympanic ring)
3) Inner mucous membrane towards tympanic cavity

66
Q

Which ossicle inserts on the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

67
Q

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

Transmission of sound waves from air to auditory ossicles (mechanical vibration)

68
Q

What structures are in the dorsal part of the tympanic cavity?

A

Auditory ossicles
Tensor tympani m.
Stapedius m.

69
Q

What structures are in the middle part of the tympanic cavity?

A

Tympanic membrane
Eustachian tube

70
Q

What structures are in the ventral part of the tympanic cavity?

A

Tympanic bulla

71
Q

What are the 4 fenestrae in the tympanic cavity?

A

-Tympanic membrane
-Oval window
-Round window
-Eustachian tube opening

72
Q

Which muscle inserts on the malleus?

A

Tensor tympani

73
Q

Which muscle inserts on the stapes?

A

Stapedius

74
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani m. and stapedius m.?

A

Adjust tension, modulate vibration, dampen internal sounds (like chewing)

75
Q

Which part of the malleus is embedded in the tympanic membrane?

A

Manubrium (handle)

76
Q

Which part of the stapes is attached to the vestibular (oval) window?

A

The footplate

77
Q

Why are the middle ear ossicles important?

A

They magnify soundwave energy by >20x and initiate the wave in endolymph of inner ear

78
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

Connect nasopharynx and tympanic cavity for pressure equalization (when u open mouth to pop ears)

79
Q

What type of fluid is the bony labyrinth filled with?

A

Perilymphatic fluid

80
Q

What type of fluid is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

A

Endolymphatic fluid

81
Q

Which of the two inner ear fluids is responsible for stimulating receptor cells?

A

Endolymphatic fluid

82
Q

How many semicircular canals does the vestibular organ have and how are they oriented?

A

3 semicircular ducts WITHIN semicircular canals.
There’s anterior, posterior, and lateral oriented at 90 degrees from each other

83
Q

Which structures in the semicircular canals contain sensory receptors (hair things) for movement of endolymphatic fluid?

A

Ampullae (near the utriculus)

84
Q

What are maculae?

A

Structures in the utriculus/sacculus that contain statoconia (otoliths) and stimulate sensory cells when head is moved

85
Q

Which structures make up the cochlea?

A

-Spiral canal
-Modiolus
-Spiral lamina
-Cochlear duct
*Pls look at diagrams of cochlea i do not know how to describe this thing srry

86
Q

Which part of the cochlea contains receptors?

A

Cochlear duct

87
Q

What are the two chambers of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli (SV)
Scala tympani (ST)

88
Q

What separates the SV and the ST?

A

Cochlear duct, spiral lamina, and spiral membrane

89
Q

What kind of fluid are the SV and ST filled with?

A

Perilymphatic fluid

90
Q

What is the helicotrema?

A

The apex of the spiral canal where the SV and ST connect

91
Q

What type of fluid is in the cochlear duct?

A

Endolymphatic fluid

92
Q

Which cochlear chamber communicates with the oval (vestibular) window?

A

Scala vestibuli

93
Q

Which cochlear chamber communicates with the round window?

A

Scala tympani

94
Q

Which direction does fluid movement in the cochlea always move in?

A

From SV to ST

95
Q

What is the membrane called that the waves in the SV move?

A

The spiral (Reissner) membrane

96
Q

How do waves in the SV get transmitted to receptor cells?

A

The waves in the SV move the spiral (Reissner) membrane, which displaces the endolymph in the cochlear duct and the basilar membrane, which contains the receptor cells

97
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

The receptor cells of the cochlea that get stimulated

98
Q

What is the receptor cell impulse communicated to?

A

Spiral ganglion in spiral canal of modiolus and onto CN8

99
Q

Which area of the cochlea responds to lower frequencies?

A

Farther up sections (if that makes sense)

100
Q

Which area of the cochlea responds to higher frequencies?

A

The closer sections

101
Q

What is another name for the round window?

A

Cochlear fenestra

Anatomy (41 decks)

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