module 5 - 17.1 energy cycles & 17.2 ATP synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some examples of metabolic activities that living organisms need to do to survive?

A
  • active transport - essential for uptake of nitrates by root hair cells, loading sucrose into sieve tube cells, conduction of nerve impulses
  • anabolic reactions - building polymers like proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids essential for growth and repair
  • movement due to cilia, flagella or contractile filaments in muscle cells
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2
Q

what does energy have to be transferred to?

A

cellular processes in the right form and right amount

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3
Q

what do plants need to do to start the photosynthetic process?

A

make ATP from ADP and Pi

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4
Q

where is the vast majority of the energy required for ATP transferred from?

A

the sun as light energy

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5
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –light–> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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6
Q

how does energy from the sun flow through organisms?

A
  • high energy radiation from the sun is used in photosynthesis
  • photosynthesis is used by producers
  • some of that energy goes to consumers, and then to decomposers, other energy goes straight to decomposers
  • all producers, consumers and decomposers respire and release heat as low energy radiation
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

what are the 2 rules of biochemistry?

A
  1. energy is required to break bonds
  2. energy is released when bonds are made
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9
Q

what is bond energy?

A

the amount of energy required to break a bond or released when the bond is made

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10
Q

what are exothermic reactions?

A

release energy to the environments

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11
Q

why is respiration exothermic?

A
  • releases energy from glucose
  • this energy is transferred to ADP and Pi when ATP is made
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12
Q

what are endothermic reactions?

A

absorb energy from the surroundings

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13
Q

why is photosynthesis endothermic?

A

energy is absorbed in the form of light

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14
Q

what are small inorganic molecules?

A
  • carbon dioxide and water
  • covalent bonds are strong because they have high bond energies
  • release lots of energy when the bonds are made but require lots of energy to break the bonds
  • don’t have carbon, hydrogen AND oxygen (only 2)
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15
Q

what are larger organic molecules?

A
  • glucose and amino acids
  • covalent bonds are weaker than in small inorganic molecules
    release energy when the bonds are made but require less energy to break the bonds
  • must have all 3 carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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16
Q

what are the effects of respiration?

A
  1. large organic molecules are broken down into small inorganic molecules
  2. total energy require to break all the bonds in organic molecules is less than total energy released in making bonds in small organic molecules
  3. respiration is exothermic and released energy is used to make ATP from ADP and Pi
17
Q

what are the effects of photosynthesis?

A
  1. small organic molecules are joined together into larger organic molecules
  2. total energy required to break all bonds in the small inorganic molecules is greater than total energy released in making the bonds in larger organic molecules
  3. photosynthesis is endothermic, with energy from the environment coming from the suns light energy
18
Q

which bonds do organic molecules contain?

A

SOME carbon-hydrogen bonds

19
Q

which bonds to triglycerides contain?

A

MANY carbon-hydrogen bonds

20
Q

why do carbon-hydrogen bonds have low bond energy?

A

because it is non-polar (electrons are shared equally between carbon and hydrogen)

21
Q

what happens when carbon-hydrogen bonds are broken?

A
  • carbon and hydrogen atoms make bonds in small inorganic molecules, carbon doixide and water
  • these carbon-oxygen and hydrogen-oxygen bonds are strong and have higher bond energies so release energy when they’re made
22
Q

what is ATP synthesis?

A
  • energy flow from the sun
  • energy -> ATP -> large organic molecules (glucose) -> ATP -> energy requiring reactions/processes
23
Q

what is ATP synthase?

A
  • an enzyme that ctatlyses the formation of ATP using ADP and Pi
  • is a molecular machine
  • ADP + Pi + 2H+ (out) ⇌ ATP + H2O + 2H+ (in)
  • ensures the reaction goes in the right direction
24
Q

what are the energy sources needed to make sure ATP synthase can ensure the reaction goes in the right direction?

A
  • an electrochemical gradient created by the difference in proton or H+ concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane is generated
  • the protons diffuse back into the matrix by diffusing through ATP synthase, which supplies energy to the reaction of ADP and Pi to make ATP
25
Q

which chemicals are both the products of respiration and the raw materials of photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide and water