module 5 - 17.1 energy cycles & 17.2 ATP synthesis Flashcards
what are some examples of metabolic activities that living organisms need to do to survive?
- active transport - essential for uptake of nitrates by root hair cells, loading sucrose into sieve tube cells, conduction of nerve impulses
- anabolic reactions - building polymers like proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids essential for growth and repair
- movement due to cilia, flagella or contractile filaments in muscle cells
what does energy have to be transferred to?
cellular processes in the right form and right amount
what do plants need to do to start the photosynthetic process?
make ATP from ADP and Pi
where is the vast majority of the energy required for ATP transferred from?
the sun as light energy
what is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O –light–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
how does energy from the sun flow through organisms?
- high energy radiation from the sun is used in photosynthesis
- photosynthesis is used by producers
- some of that energy goes to consumers, and then to decomposers, other energy goes straight to decomposers
- all producers, consumers and decomposers respire and release heat as low energy radiation
what are the 2 rules of biochemistry?
- energy is required to break bonds
- energy is released when bonds are made
what is bond energy?
the amount of energy required to break a bond or released when the bond is made
what are exothermic reactions?
release energy to the environments
why is respiration exothermic?
- releases energy from glucose
- this energy is transferred to ADP and Pi when ATP is made
what are endothermic reactions?
absorb energy from the surroundings
why is photosynthesis endothermic?
energy is absorbed in the form of light
what are small inorganic molecules?
- carbon dioxide and water
- covalent bonds are strong because they have high bond energies
- release lots of energy when the bonds are made but require lots of energy to break the bonds
- don’t have carbon, hydrogen AND oxygen (only 2)
what are larger organic molecules?
- glucose and amino acids
- covalent bonds are weaker than in small inorganic molecules
release energy when the bonds are made but require less energy to break the bonds - must have all 3 carbon, hydrogen and oxygen