Ch. 1-3, Lectures 1/2

Question 1

Primary vs. secondary sources

Answer 1

Primary: historical artifacrts from the time being studied (journals, memoirs, newspapers, government documents, etc.)
Secondary: interpretations of primary sources and of the work of other historians

Question 2

Apparal Laws:

Answer 2

dictated the style of dress each rank could wear; made rulers of society instantly recognizable

Question 3

Effects of the Black Death:

Answer 3

belief among certain intellectuals that humans were living in a medieval or middle age between two great periods of enlightenment

Question 4

Petrarch:

Answer 4

: viewed European society as ignorant, unjust and inhumane

Question 5

Leonardi Bruni:

Answer 5

disapproved of the old form of education, known as scholasticism, which primarily involved a religious education through memorizing, copying approved texts by the church

Question 6

Parishes:

Answer 6

everyone who lived within these community were worshipping at the same churches

Question 7

Great Chain of Being, Religious Structure “Scala Naturae, Didacus Valades, 1579”

Answer 7

God, angels (many ranks and grades within angels, serifem at the top angels at the bottom), mankind (many ranks within mankind as well), animals (man has the responsibility to control animals, noble animals (lion) and ignoble animals (snake)) tamed animals were considered more superior than untamed, plants (oak and fruit bearing trees at the top, the root vegetables and weeds at the bottom), minerals (gold and silver at the top, precious jewels at the top, lead and rock at the bottom), hell at the bottom

Question 8

Feudal ranking

Answer 8

Monarchs (emperors or popes, elected) Kings (inherited position–only one Roman Catholic Pope, though there were multiple other popes
Aristocrats: nobilitas major (greater nobility), not very many of these, less than 1% of all of society; aristocrats were vassals of the king, tenants in chief, holding land directly from the king
Landed Gentry Ranks (Third Estate, France) House of Commons (England)
Clergy, Most Similiar to the Aristocrats, Roughly 2% of the Population
Citizens (Bourgeoisie), 3% of the Population
Middle Class
Proletariat, Poor
Outcasts
Undeserving Poor
People who are transient, move throughout communities but are not members, often very undesirable

Question 9

Aristocratic ranks

Answer 9

Duke (USUALLY BLOOD RELATED TO THE KING, IN CHARGE OF DUCHEE), marquess/marchioness (rare rank because it specifically refers to a person who is appointed to this position to protect marchlands, regions between borders)
Count (in England they were known as earls in charge of shires, responsibility over various counties, each of these counties was given to a count who had a castel in that territory, and was responsible for the admin of justice, tax collecting)
Viscount (courtesy title, taken as a title by the younger sons of greater nobles, until he came into his father’s title)
Baron (controlled baronees, usually several within each county, admin control over a smaller parcel of land)

Question 10

How did pre-modern knight ship work?

Answer 10

Knights are created by the monarch due to important military or administrative service or because he needed this title in order to do things NOT HEREDITARY ELDEST SON WOULD HAVE TO APPLY FOR KNIGHTSHIP, esquire (courtesy title, adopted by younger sons of aristocrats), gentleman,

Question 11

Patriarchal/Deferential Relationship: u

Answer 11

used to maintain order, worked by the landlord acting as the “father figure”, protect them and provide for them at times when it was needed, apply a certain degree of discipline to maintain Great Chain of Being, lower orders are deferential in exchange

Question 12

Patrilineal Perimogeniture Succession:

Answer 12

firstborn son of the father: eldest son takes over as the next king

Question 13

Rex dei Gratia:

Answer 13

king by the grace of God: personally selected by god to lead all of the other subjects (believed to have the power of life and death, because they were above the law)

Question 14

Bastard Feudalism:

Answer 14

money would be given to landlords then eventually to the king, then would hire people and pay people to serve in the army instead of making it an unpaid obligation

Question 15

Who were cardinals in pre modern Europe?

Answer 15

Cardinal (papal legates, stood in a s proxy for the pope in individual nations, also responsible for electing popes in CONCLAVE)

Question 16

Which individuals in the church were hierarchal equivalent to aristocrats?

Answer 16

Cardinal, bishop, and archbishop: PRINCES OF THE CHURCH, equal in status in society to the aristocrats, technically appointed by the pope, but really elected on the basis of the recommendation of the king

Question 17

Monsignor

Answer 17

(HONOURARY TITLE, given out to peop,e who specific administrative service for the more senior members of the clergy)

Question 18

What does being part of the citizen class entail?

Answer 18

Word citizen mean a person who is enfranchised: right to vote in general elections: the vast majority did NOT have the right to vote in the elections

Question 19

Yeomen,

Answer 19

wealthy farmers, enough land that they are capable of farming for a profit

Question 20

Subsistence Lifestyle

Answer 20

Subsistence means having the minimal resources necessary for survival. The subsistence lifestyle is a way of living that devotes a significant amount of time to producing or obtaining subsistence food; producing a small amount of crops on small parcels of land, suffered extensively when plagues came about