Enlightenment Flashcards
Second Hundred Years War
Series of European conflicts between 1701 and 1815
Includes War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713), War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748), 7 Years War (1756–17663), and French Revolution
Fully European conflict, especially Britain, France, Spain, and Holy Roman Empire
1707 Scotland and England Unite in Act of Union: BECOMES GREAT BRITAIN AFTERWARDS
Maintaining “Balance of Power Theory” established in Peace of Westphalia
War of Spanish Succession
Fought over Spanish succession, who would inherit Spain as a result of impending death of Charles II who had no children
CLAIMANTS: Charles of Habsburg: slated to inherit Habsburg Empire
Parition Treaty, causes of the war of Spanish succession
OUTCOME: England and France sign Partition Treaty, involves both nations agreeing that Spain and its empire would be divided between Cahrles of Habsburg and Philip of Anjou to maintain adequate balance of power
HOWEVER: Charles II willed the entirety of Spain to Philip of Anjou, and stated that if Philip wasn’t to accept, then Charles of Habsburg would inherit it
CAUSE OF THE WAR:Louis accepts the throne on Philip’s behalf: broke Partition Treaty, SPAIN AND FRANCE DYNASTICALLY UNITE, breaks the Balance of Power Theory
Grand alliance and war of Spanish succession
WAR STRATEGY: Grand Alliance is formed to weaken the new Franco-Spanish empire and restore the balance of power, including England, Spanish Netherlands (region in low countries under dominion of Spain, wanted to overthrow spanish rule in their territory), Italy (specifically areas under control by spain because they wanted independence) and The Habsburg Empire (because Charles of habsburg wanted all of Spain)
Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, End of Spanish Succession War
Designed to maintain balance of power theory
Philip of Anjou became Philip V of Spain but stipulated two crowns could not be held by the same person: ensuring balance of power was maintained
Charles (now Holy Roman Emperor) gained Spanish possessions in Italy, Belgium, and Netherlands
Recognized Kingdom of Prussia: created from Brandenburg Electorate, sided with Grand alliance during the war and therefore get recognized afterward
Britain gains Nova Scotia by coinquest, keeps Gibraltar and Minorca (GETS ASIENTO, SLAVE TRADE)
War of Austrian Succession
Who should succeed to the Habsburg empire
Charles 6th doesn’t have any sons: Charles pushed the Pragmatic Sanction to enable his daughter Maria Theresa to inherit Habsburg Lands
Salic Law
Salic Law: typically forbade women from inheriting anything like this^^^, she would become first female Holy Roman Empresss
PROBLEM: Maria’s claims were contested by Charles Albert of Bavaria on grounds that woman could not succeed to throne: FREDERICK II OF PRUSSIA INVADED SILESIA on the pretense of supporting Charles Albert (has many vital resources) AND IS SUPPORTED BY FRANCE, SPAIN, AND CHARLES ALBERT
Britain allies with Maria to prevent resurgence of Holy Roman Empire: ensure that Balance of Power is maintained,
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, End of War of Austrian Succession
Austria and ALL Habsburg holdings and empire go to Maria Theresa and her husband Francis I
However, concessions to belligerents are given: Frederick II keps Silesia (significant loss to Maria Theresa and Bohemian crown)
Pragmatic Sanction: designed to allow Maria Theresa, despite existing law, to succeed as ruling monarch of Habsburg dynasty
MAIN BELLIGERENTS DURING WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION: MARIA THERESA AND FREDERICK II OF PRUSSIA
Seven Years War
Austria allies with France and Spain to regain Silesia, despite fighting against them previously
Britain allies with Prussia to preserve balance of power, engage French in America
Britain and Prussia eventually dominate: superior sea and land forces
OUTCOME: Treaties of Hubertusburg and Paris:
Peace of Hubertusburg, (1763) treaty between Prussia and Austria ending the Seven Years’ War in Germany. Signed five days after the Treaty of Paris, it guaranteed that Frederick II the Great maintained his possession of Silesia and confirmed Prussia’s stature as a major European power.The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.
Impact of Second Hundred Years War
Doesn’t technically end until 1815
Weakening of Imperial power in the empire with the creation of the Kingdom of Prussia: despite Maria Theresa maintaining control, more particularism results
Britain emerges as leading diplomatic, economic, and naval power in Western Europe
Britain becomes leading figure in Industrial revolution after 1760
Decline of Spanish and French empires in north america
France is the biggest “loser: emerging from this war, gained no new territory and heavily in debt, setting the Stage for French Revolutio
