Ch.5, Exploration Flashcards
Motives for Exploration
Wanted safer routes to China and India: expansion of the Ottoman Empire was making it difficult to use the Silk Road (believed world was smaller than it was so gaining American access would be easy)
Economic self-sufficiency: lots of infighting between Enfgland/France/Spain, trying to gain economic self sufficiency from their enemies (England needed wine and olive oil from FRance/Spain, wanted to gain these resources from the Americas)
Exploiting Americas for gold/silver
Humanism: believed the world they lived in was corrupt/unjust: wanted to find a more innocent world, believed the new world was fulfill this (UTOPIAN IDEOLOGY)
Christian Conversion: wanted pope to be universal ruler; Catholic means (one universal religion); Indigenous peoples needed to be “Christianized)
Nation Building: centralization of government, desire for wealth and power
Prince Henry the Navigator, Ivory, Gold, and Slaves
Began the conquest of the Guanche people: exploited them to the point where they were almost exterminated
Portugease had to go to Sub-saharan Africa to purchase slaves and replace those they had exterminated
“Gold Coast” of Africa: ivory, gold, and slaves
Bartholomeu Dias
Recognized that its possible to go around Africa and gain access to trading in Indian Ocean in India, CHina, Japan, and Indonesia
Cape of Good Hope Exploration 1488
Vasco de Gama, 1498
Reaches India around africa
Portugese establish factories in India, China, and Indonesia: setting up trading outposts to trade with the Indigenous people in these parts of the world
Christopher Columbus
Receives charter from Ferdinand and Isabella, ordering him to sail westward and access Cipangu (Japan) and Cathay (China/India) sailing westward
Columbus believed he could travel westward and arrive in Indonesia in three weeks (NOT TRUE, UNDERESTIMATED SIZE OF EARTH)
Landed in Bahamas in October 12, discovers Cuba, Hispaniola (West Indies)
^^Originally believed he had landed in Indonesia and then quickly realized he did not
Hispaniola (became base of operations for Columbus) has the Dominican Republic and Hade
Undertook other voyages between 1493 and 1594: discovering Carribean, landing in central/south america,
1493, Inter Caetera, Line of Demarcation
Exercised tyranny against the Caribs (Indigenous people)
Recalled to Spain because of his egregious acts toward the people
Columbus never actually set foot in North America: DID NOT DISCOVER NORTH AMERICA
Ferdinand and Isabella went to Alexander VI (the pope) for him to give them the newly discovered lands by Columbus: pope is still considered “lord of all the world”
Alexander VI issues Inter Caetera: granted them the lan d
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494, Line of Amity
^Portugal already had control of the Azores, complained about the Inter Caetera
Signed between Spain and Portugal: moved the line of amenity westward so that all the discoveries they had made were within this new region
Responded by writing them out of their discoveries in Africa and factories in the East Indies
Magellan, 1519
Rounds Cape Horn, FIRST CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE WORLD
Straight of Magellan
Circumnavigation of the world was extremely difficult, Pacific was extremely difficult to navigate
Pacific: believed to be “peaceful”
1507, Universalis Cosmographia, Martin Waldseemulle
Produced a world map of the world known at the time
FIRST TO NAME AMERICA ON A MAP
“The Requirement” Document, Protocol for Coquest, Casus Belli
Read in Castillian language when Spanish conquered them
Required that people convert to Catholicism otherwise threatened war, selling slaves of women and children
Catholic church believed it was the superior religion
“Casus Belli” Justification of war: needed to ‘save the Natives’ from themselves
Cortes Scorched Earth Policy:
Hernan Cortes: defied governor’s instructions and sailed to Mexico; CONQUERS AZTEC EMPIRE and Tenochitlan (the capital) man made island built this way to prevent it from atatck (TODAY’S MEXICO CITY)
Only way to enter Tenochitlan was through a singular causeway
Cortes Scorched Earth Policy: refused goods to go in and out of the causeway, brought the city to its knees by starving it out, giving him the ability to take over the city and Aztec Empire
Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) and Peru, Outcome of Portugal and Spanish Exploration
Developed Encomienda and Repartimiento System: FORCED LABOUR CAMPS, branded that it made Indigenous people learn the ways of new civilization, but it was just an effort to exploit and slave Indigenous people to mine gold and silver
Spanish empire becomes highly centralized and powerful to about 1650
Thirteen Colonies: r
rum (used sugars/mollasses grown in Carribean), furs (trading with Indigenous) and cod ( in North and Middle Colonies, tobacco on slave plantations in South),
Colonies are governed by local planter assemblies and King and council in England
Thomas Hariot, a Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virigina
Contained images by John White: indicated the experience English wanted to portray of their voyages
Emphasized through art that Indigenous people were “ready” for civilization, because they demonstrated characteristics of enlightenment (growing crops/ ordered villages) NONE OF THIS WAS ACCURATE
“Noble Savage”: although these people are innocent and uncivilized, they were a noble people
Impact of European Expansion
Classicla Thinking Changes: Aristotle and Plato said there was no new world or if there was, that was not habitable
Biblical Thinking: lots of things found in the New World was not in the Bible, wondering how this fit into the creation story
Rise of the idea that the Bible is not a document to be read lITERALLY: feed later into incarnations of the Protestant Relgiions
Rise of Utopian literature, noble savage (ready for moulding into a superior civilization) travel literature
Rise of Atlantic powers: wealthy and self-sufficient, significant international power, Spain/France/England become the most important entities in Western Europe
